AOS 3 - How do levels of consciousness affect mental processes & behaviour Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
psychological construct
A
- info provided by individual
- behavior that’s demonstrated
- psychological changes that can be measured (heart rate)
2
Q
consciousness
A
can be defined as our awareness of objects & events in the external world & of our sensations, mental experiences & own experience at any given moment
3
Q
consciousness is
A
- personal
- continuous
- changing
- selective
4
Q
consciousness across a continuum
A
TOTAL AWARENESS focus attention normal wakefulness daydreaming meditative state hypnotized asleep anesthetized come COMPLETE LACK OF AWARENESS
5
Q
normal waking consciousness
A
NWC refers to the states of consciousness associated with being awake & aware of objects & events in the external world & of one’s sensations, mental experiences & own existence
6
Q
altered state of consciousness
A
are any state of consciousness that’s distinctly different from NWC in terms of the level of awareness & experience
7
Q
naturally occurring & induced ASCs
A
sleep, daydreaming - natural
mediation, head trauma-induced
8
Q
attention
A
a concentration of mental activity that involves focusing on a specific stimulus while ignoring & thus excluding other stimuli
9
Q
selective attention
A
involves choosing & attending to a specific stimulus to the exclusion of others
10
Q
divided attention
A
refers to the ability to distribute our attention & undertake 2 or more activities simultaneously
11
Q
- control limitations
A
- in NWC we’re able to exercise some control over what enters our consciousness, we can block our awareness of info that makes us sad,angry
- during ASC we don’t have control over what enters our consciousness, dreams
12
Q
- controlled process
A
involves conscious alert awareness & mental effort in which the individual actively focuses their attention on a particular goal
13
Q
- automatic processes
A
an automatic process requires little conscious awareness & mental effort, minimal attention & doesn’t interfere with the performance of other activities
14
Q
- perceptual & cognitive distortions
A
- an ASC can make someone more receptive to external stimuli or dulls them to such an extent they’re not experienced at all
- Cognitive functioning also tends to be impaired in an ASC, thought processes are often more disorganized
15
Q
- emotional awareness
A
- ASCs appear to sometimes put an individual’s feelings into a state of turmoil, resulting in uncharacteristic responses, some people resort feel emotionless
16
Q
- self-control
A
- changes in our ability to maintain self-control evident in ASC
17
Q
- time orientation
A
estimation of time is frequently distorted in an ASC, and seems to pass at a different speed than normal
18
Q
- measurement of physiological responses
A
enables researchers to obtain data on bodily changes & responses during various states of consciousness
19
Q
EEG
A
is a device that detects, amplifies & records general patterns of the electrical activity of the brain over time. frequency & amplitude
20
Q
beta waves
A
associated with alertness & intensive mental activity, associated with NWC. high frequency, low amplitude
21
Q
alpha waves
A
associated with physical relaxation, internally focsued, eyes closed. medium/high frequency & low amplitude
22
Q
frequency & amplitude
A
frequency - refers to the number of brain waves per second
amplitude - refers to the intensity of brain waves & can be measured through peaks & troughs usually seen in an EEG
23
Q
theta waves
A
associated with drowsiness, falling asleep just before waking, and deep meditation. medium frequency some low and high amplitude waves
24
Q
delta waves
A
associated with deep dreamless sleep, low frequency, high amplitude
25
fastest - slowest activity
beta
alpha
theta
delta
26
drug
any substance that can change a person's physical and/or mental functioning certain types of drugs can induce an ASC & changes in brain wave patterns
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factors affecting depressants & stimulants affect
- type
- dose & strength
- personal characteristics
- methods of administration
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stimulants
drugs that increase activity in the CNS & the rest of the body, thus have an alerting, activating affect
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brain wave patterns due to stimulants
- increase in higher frequency activity
| - increased beta waves, decreased delta, alpha and theta
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depressants
drugs that decrease activity in the CNS & rest of the body
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brain wave patterns due to depressants
increase in lower frequency activity reduced beta waves & increased delta, theta & alpha
32
EMG
used. to detect, amplify & record the electrical activity of muscles. EMG recordings generally show the strength if electrical activity occurring in the muscles, indicating muscles activity
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EOG
measures eye movements of eye positions by detecting, amplifying & recording electrical activity in eye muscles that control eye movements
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2. measurement of speed & accuracy on cognitive tasks
speed & accuracy are tested are 2 commonly tested objective measures when completing cognitive tasks
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3. subjective reporting of consciousness - sleep diaries
- a self-report is the participant's written or spoken responses to questions, statements,s or instructions presented by the researcher considered to be subjective
- sleep diaries are often used in the study of sleep, a sleep diary is a self-reported record of an individual's sleep and waking time activities
36
4. video monitoring
most commonly used in the study of sleep & sleep disturbances or disorders. responses that may be recorded - change in body position, amount of tossing.
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sleep
sleep is defined as a reversible behavioral state of perceptual disengagement from & unresponsive to the environment.
38
circadian rhythm
involves changes in bodily functions or activities that occur as part of a cycle within a duration of about 24 hours, daily human sleep-wake cycle
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the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
- light is the main cue that influences sleep-wake. area of the hypothalamus called SCN receives info about the amount of light & adjusts the sleep-wake cycle accordingly
- does this by sending messages to the pineal gland to secrete more or less of the hormone melatonin.
- when less light more melatonin is secreted = greater drowsiness
40
ultradian rhythms
involves changing in bodily functions or activities that occur as part of a cycle shorter than 24 hours, stages of sleep
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stage 1 - NREM
occurs as drift into sleep, gradually lose awareness, may occur after REM sleep after arousal, from stages 2 - 4
- decrease in heart rate, body temp
- regular theta waves, mix with alpha waves
- 5 mins on average
- 5% of sleep time
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stage 2 - NREM
period of light sleep & is usually seen as the point of ; truly sleep', less easily disturbed than stage 1
- predominately theta waves
- 10 - 25 mins, lengthens in each cycle
- 45 - 55% of sleep time
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stage 3 - NREM
start of the deepest period of sleep, blood pressure & body temp continue to drop, and lack of eye movement
- delta waves about 20 - 50%
- a few mins - 10 mins
- 3 - 8% sleep time
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stage. 4 - NREM
the deepest stage of sleep, muscles completely relaxed
- delta waves more than 50%
- 20 - 40 mins in the first cycle, shorter & nonexistent in later cycles
- 10 - 15% of sleep time
45
REM sleep
characterized by spontaneous bursts of rapid eye movement where the eyes dart back and forth, heart rate faster, body temp rises, most dreaming occurs
- brain waves rapid, irregular mixed frequency activity
- 1 - 5 mins first cycle, 12 - 15 mins second cycle, 20 - 25 mins later
- 20 - 25% of sleep
46
restoration theory
purposes that sleep provides 'time & out' to help us recover from depleting activities during the waking time that uses up the body's physical & mental resources
47
restorative functions of NREM sleep
important for restoring & repairing the body, physical growth, and tissue repair during stages 3 & 4
48
restorative functions of REM sleep
suggested to play an important part in brain development at a time when the brain is less occupied with the mental processes of everyday life (infant)
also linked with the consolidation of new memories
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REM rebound
catching up on lost REM sleep immediately following a period of lost REM sleep by spending more time in it than usual
50
Evolutionary (circadian) theory
proposes that sleep evolved to enhance survival by protecting an organism by making it inactive during the part of the day when it's most risky to move about
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proportions of NREM & REM sleep across the lifespan
amount of light sleep consistent from ages 5 - 85 but the amount of deep sleep markedly decreases by old age
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newborns & infants
- birth - 2 months - sleep onset may occur at any time & sleep episodes may last from 30 mins to 4 hrs, approx 50% REM sleep
- 2 - 3 months - experience longer periods of wakefulness in the daytime, longer night sleeps
- 6 months - 5 - 8 hrs a night
- 12 months - 14 - 15 hrs a day
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young children
total sleep time decreases from 13 - 11 hrs between 2 & 5
| REM sleep decreases NREM sleep increases
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adolescents
total sleep decreases as does REM.
| within NREM sleep stages 3 - 4 decline, stage 2 increases, and by late adolescence amount of deep sleep decreased by 40%
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adults
average 8 hrs, 20 - 25% REM
| - by age 60 severe reduction of stages 3 - 4
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circadian rhythm phase disorders
a group of sleep disorders involving sleep disruption that's primarily due to a mismatch between an individual sleep-wake cycle & the pattern that's desired or required
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sleep-wake cycle shift in adolescence
during adolescence timing of melatonin secretion that induces sleep onset peaks later, so adolescents are sleepier 1 - 2 hrs later
- typically likely to exert independence
- increase demand for socializing
- increase demand to study, work
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sleep debt
sleep that's 'owed' & needs to be made up because daily sleep requirements haven't been met
59
shift work
a type of work schedule designed to meet the demands of a 24/7 society
- permanent night shift workers complain of sleepiness, poor quality of sleep
60
jet lag
a sleep disorder due to a disturbance to the circadian sleep-wake cycle caused by rapid travel across multiple time zones
61
sleep deprivation
is a general term to describe a state caused by an inadequate quantity or quality of sleep either voluntary or involuntary
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partial sleep deprivation
involves having less sleep than what's normally required can occur periodically or persistently over the short-term or long term
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total sleep deprivation
involves not having any sleep at all over a short-term or long-term period of time
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affective (emotional) functioning - effects of PSD
- a strong link between sleep deprivation & loss of ability to control emotions
- amplified emotional responses
- harder to accurately judge others' emotions
- may feel provoked
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behavioral functioning - effective sleepiness
- during daytime
- difficult in maintaining an alert state
- lack of energy
66
behavioral functioning - sleep interia
performance impairment that occurs immediately after awakening. the individual usually feels groggy and disoriented as they transition to being fully awake
- reaction times slow
- motor alertness low
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behavioral functioning - microsleep
a brief period of sleep, lasting up to a few seconds
- a person usually has a fixed gaze
- may remain sitting or standing
- between 1 - 10 secs
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cognitive functioning - PSD
- reduced ability to divide attention
- more likely to think illogically
- difficulty solving problems with creative thinking
- overlook details
69
sleep disturbance
used to refer to any sleep-related problem that disrupts an individual's normal sleep-wake cycle
70
primary sleep disorder
is a sleep disorder that cannot be attributed to another condition such as a mental disorder to mental problem. the disorder itself is the main cause of disruption to the sleep-wake cycle
71
secondary sleep disorder
involves a sleep problem that's a byproduct of our results from another condition. this could include back pain, breathing problem, anxiety or depression
72
dyssomnia - sleep onset insomnia
used to refer specifically to difficulty falling asleep at the usual sleep time but can usually sleep through the night once they're asleep
73
insomnia
a sleep disorder that typically involves persistent difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep
74
symptoms - sleep onset insomnia
- occurs at least 3 times a week
- complaints of poor quality sleep
- not due to another sleep disorder
75
effects on sleep-wake cycle - sleep onset insomnia
- a common complaint that sleep occurs later than desired
- anxious, frustrated
- difficulty waking in the morning
76
sleepwalking
involves getting up from bed & walking about or performing other behaviors while asleep, actions may vary in type complexity & duration
77
sleepwalking behaviors
- eyes usually open
- may walk towards stimulus
- not be remembered usually
78
effects on sleep-wake cycle - sleepwalking
- typically occurs during the first 3rd of a sleep episode
- difficult to wake someone
- daytime fatigue
79
cognitive behavioral therapy
a type of psychotherapy that combines cognitive & behavioral therapies to treat mental health problems & disorders
80
cognitive component - before CBT
- 'It's already 2 am, I'm never going to fall asleep
- anxiety
- inadequate sleep quantity & quality
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cognitive component - after CBT
- 'Although I'm not sleepy now, I'll fall asleep when my body is ready
- less anxiety
- more likely to fall asleep
82
behavioral component
1. stimulus control therapy - begin to associate bed with falling asleep not with anxiety & stress
2. sleep hygiene education involves providing info about practices that tend to improve and maintain good sleep & full daytime alertness
83
bright light therapy
involves timed exposure of the eyes to intense but safe amounts of light
