AOS 4 - personal perception and social influence

Question 1

What is personal perception and give an example

Answer 1

Person perceptionrefers to the mental processes we use to think about and evaluate other people.

An example of personal perception is our first impressions we make on other

Question 2

What is Attrubutions

Answer 2

Attribution is the process by which we evaluate and explain the cause of our own or another person’s behaviour.

these can be personal or situational

Question 3

What is the diffrence between an ingroup vs and out group

Answer 3

Ingroup described any group that you belong to or identify with

Outgroupis any group you do not belong to or identify with.

Question 4

Define internal and external attrubitions

Answer 4

Internal attrubitions are the process of assuming that personal factors are the cause of an individual’s behavior or the cause of an event.
(charastrics of a person)

External attrubitions interpreting an event or behavior as being caused by the situation that the person is in, such as their social or physical environment.
(assosiated with situation / environment)

Question 5

Define Attitudes

Answer 5

An attitude is an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue.

Question 6

Explain the tricompoment model using an example

Answer 6

For something to be considered an attuide the tricomponent model states that all components must be consistant. The three componets are affective, behavoural and cogntive.

An example of this may be that an indivual may not like spiders. The Affective is the feelings towards the object, (that I am scared of spiders and do not like them) the behavioural componet is what you do about this, (I aviod spiders) and the cognitive is what you think or belive, ( I think spiders are gross and scary)

Question 7

What is a stereotype outline one limitation and one benfits of sterotyping

Answer 7

Stereotype is a generalisation about the personal characteristics of the members of a social group.

A benifit of steroytypes is they can be made to simplify people efficentley

A limitiation of sterotypes is that they can be innaccurate and offensive

Question 8

Define cognitive dissonacnce

Answer 8

Cognitive dissonance occurs when people experience discomfort because they have conflicting beliefs, or because their behaviours contradict their beliefs.

Question 9

Why is cognitive dissonace considered a systematic error

Answer 9

It can lead to flawed thinking to the person who thinks in bias ways

It can occur naturally without concious awreness

Occurs consistantly and predictably under certain circumstances

Question 10

How can we reduce the dissionant cognition?

Answer 10

Change our dissonance cognition

Change the behaviour to suit the dissonant cognition

Add new cognitions or supportive elements to outweigh the dissonant cognition

Question 11

Define heuristsics

Answer 11

Heuristicsare mental shortcuts that allow us to make quick decisions on limited information.

The 3 types of huristics include Avalalibity,
Representitaveness and
Affect

Question 12

What is an Avalibility heuristic and an give example

Answer 12

Availability heuristic involves making a judgment based on how easy or difficult it is to bring specific examples to mind.

For example, plane crashes can make people afraid of flying. However, the likelihood of dying in a car accident is far higher than dying as a passenger on an airplane

Question 13

What is a representivness heuristic and give an example

Answer 13

Representativeness heuristic involves categorising a person, object, event or anything else by judging how closely it matches our idea of a typical member of the category.

An example of a representativeness heuristic is thinking that because someone is wearing a suit and tie and carrying a briefcase, that they must be a lawyer, because they look like the stereotype of a lawyer

Question 14

What is Affect heuristic and give an example

Answer 14

Affect heuristic involves making a judgment that is influenced by the emotion being experienced at the time.

Affect heuristic in everyday life You are judging the risk or benefit of going around the city on rollerblades

Question 15

What is Predjudice?

Answer 15

Predjudice is an attitude towards another person or social group that is formed in advance of any experince with that person or group.

The 4 types of perdjudice inculde Old fashioned predjudice, Modern predjudice, Explicit predjudice and Implict predjudice

Question 16

What is an example of old fashioned predjudice?

Answer 16

Non-indigenous Australian people believing that they are superior to Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander peoples .

People once believed that races should be segregated. They believe this should be in all aspects of life.

Question 17

What is an example of modern predjudice?

Answer 17

Non- indigenous Australian people believing that Aboriginal and Torres Straight Island peoples have the right to opportunities available to all members of society but thinking that they want more rights that they do not deserve. (real issue of fairness)

Question 18

Outline Explicit predudice

Answer 18

Predudice that is conciously held and dilaberatly thought about, for example dilabrate racism and racist comments towards someone

Question 19

Outline Implicit predudice

Answer 19

Predjudice that is unconsisley held by indivials for example when most people hear the word “kindergarten teacher,” they are more likely to picture a female.

Question 20

What is dicrimination?

Answer 20

Discrimination occurs when a person or a social group is treated differently than others

Question 21

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

Answer 21

Prejudice refers to biased thinking and discrimination consists of actions against a group of people

Question 22

What is direct discrimination and give an example

Answer 22

Direct discrimination happens when someone is treated unfavourably because of a personal characteristic protected by the law.

For example, direct discrimination would occur if someone was overlooked for a job specifically on the basis of their age, sex, or some other relevant personal characteristic.

Question 23

What is Indirect discrimination and give an example

Answer 23

Indirect discrimination happens when there is an unreasonable requirement, condition or practice that disadvantages a person, or a group of people, because of a personal characteristic.

For example, if an employer refuses to allow employees to wear any head covering in the workplace, this may be indirect discrimination against employees whose cultural or religious background requires that they wear a particular type of head covering.

Question 24

What is a facor that that may reduce prejudice?

Answer 24

1. Sustained contact or the contact hypothesis
   Suggests that prolonged contact of a direct nature leads to a re-evaluation of incorrect stereotypes about the group and its members.

Question 25

How can a superordinate goal reduce predjuice?

Answer 25

Superordinate goals are goals that cannot be achived by any one group alone and overides existing goals that each group may have (for example having both groups consider themselves part of one larger superordinate group to achive something)

Question 26

How can mutal independence reduce predjuice?

Answer 26

When two groups realize that they have a common issue that can only be solved by pooling their resources together. They put their judements aside and depend on each other.

Question 27

How can equality of status reduce predjuice?

Answer 27

When groups are of equal status one group doesnt feel ore values or more important from the other, making everyone equal

Question 28

What is the three step process in cognitive intervention?

Answer 28

The individual must decide that their prejudice attitude and behavior are wrong and consciously reject their thinking They must hold fast to their non prejudiced beliefs and make it part of their self concept Must learn to suppress or block their prejudicial reactions that may occur and replace them with non-prejudice responses.

Question 29

Define social influence

Answer 29

Social influence is defined as the effects of the presence or actions of others (real or imagined) on the way people think, feel and behave.

Question 30

What is a social group

Answer 30

Social group is any collection of two or more people who interact with and influence one another and who share a common purpose.

Question 31

What is aggergation

Answer 31

Aggregation is a collection of people in one location who have no obvious social structure or organisation, and who have minimal shared purpose, interdependence or direct interaction.

Question 32

What is the diffrence between and aggergation and social group?

Answer 32

A social group is a group of 2 or more people who intercate and have a common purpose. An aggeration is a collective of people who have been grouped together without a common purpose.

Question 33

What is status?

Answer 33

Status refers to the importance of an individual’s position in the group, as perceived by members of the group.

Question 34

What is power?

Answer 34

Power refers to an individual’s (or group’s) ability to control or influence another person (or group), even when they try to resist this influence.

Question 35

What are the 6 types of power?

Answer 35

Legimate Coercive Expert Reward Referant Information

Question 36

Explain the relationship between status and power within groups

Answer 36

A persons status within a group can determine the amount of power they have. Power referes to the individual/groups ability to control or influnce a person/group. High staus=High power

Question 37

Define obedince

Answer 37

Obedience occurs when we follow the commands of someone with authority, or the rules or laws of our society.

Question 38

What are 2 types of obedince?

Answer 38

Constructive obedience -  occurs when obedience results in a positive outcome. Destructive obedience - occurs when obedience results in a negative outcome.

Question 39

What are 3 factors that can impact obedince

Answer 39

Status of the authority figure Social proximity Group pressure

Question 40

What is proximity?

Answer 40

Proximity refers to the closeness between an individual and an authority figure

Question 41

What is physical promxity? and give an example

Answer 41

Physical Proximity refers to the physical distance between individuals. The less distance (closer) between the individual and the authority figure, the greater the likelihood of obedience. Eg- For example, more likely to obey a teacher who is standing next to you than across the room.

Question 42

What is relationship proximity? and give an example

Answer 42

Relationship Proximity refers to the closeness of the relationship between two individuals. The stronger the relationship the greater likelihood of obedience Eg - For example, you are more likely to obey a parent than your teacher.

Question 43

What is group pressure

Answer 43

Group pressure: Involves the indivuals acting or feeling in a certain way to align with behaviours of others, individuals are more likley to obey an authority figures when they observe others obeying the commands of authority figure.

Question 44

Define conformity

Answer 44

Conformity is the tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feelings or behaviour so that they become more consistent with those of other people, or with accepted standards about how a person should behave in certain situations (i.e. social norms).

Question 45

What are the 6 factors that affect confomity

Answer 45

Normative influnce Culture Informational Influnce Unamity Group Size Social Loafing Deindividualisation

Question 46

How does Normative influnce affect conformity?

Answer 46

Normative influnce states that we conform with others because we want to be liked. Social norms guide behaviours within group Example of normative influnce- mean girls "on wednesdays we wear pink"

Question 47

How does culture affect conformity?

Answer 47

Cultural variations can influence conformity and obedience is through the presence of social norms. Social norms are unwritten rules that govern behaviour within a particular culture. These norms can vary widely between cultures, and can influence whether individuals conform or disobey.

Question 48

How does informational influence affect conformity?

Answer 48

Involes people conformin because they want to be correct. When a person lacks experites they will conform with the group because they assume others are more informed

Question 49

How does Unamity affect conformity?

Answer 49

A person is more likely to conform when all members of the group agree and give the same answer

Question 50

How does group size affect conformity?

Answer 50

Safety in numbers can make a person feel support if they have the same belifes and point of veiw. As more people express the same view the indivual feels like an outsider and follow like mindless sheep (Acsh experiment)

Question 51

How does social loafing affect confomity?

Answer 51

Is refered to persons tendency to reduce thier effort when working in a group, as oppsed to working alone When a task requires some effort, an individual may conform with the majority simply to avoid the effort involved in making a personal judgement.

Question 52

How does deindvidualisation affect confomity?

Answer 52

Deindividuation is described as the loss of individuality and the gained sense of anonymity that can occur in a group situation. If an individual is anonymous or no social status, then likely to absolve themselves of any responsibility for having to provide a correct answer and therefore more likely to conform