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Biology 1 & 2 > AOS 4 sac > Flashcards

AOS 4 sac Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the (relatively) constant physiological state of the body despite changes (fluctuations) in the external environment

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2
Q

what are the most important systems involved in homeostasis

A

nervous system and endocrine system

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3
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

system of ductless glands that produce hormones and release them directly into the bloodstream

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4
Q

are exocrine glands considered part of the endocrine system. If no why not

A

no, they do not produce hormones so aren’t considered part of the system

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5
Q

What are the two types of stimulus response models

A

open stimulus-response model and closed homeostatic stimulus-response model

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6
Q

what are the 5 components of the stimulus response models

A

stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response

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7
Q

what happens in the stimulus stage

A

a change, either increase or decrease, in the level of an internal variable

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8
Q

what happens is the receptor

A

the structure detects the change and send signals to the control centre

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9
Q

what is the control centre

A

the structure (central nervous system) that evaluates the change against the set point for that variable and sends signals to the effector about the correction needed

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10
Q

what is the effector

A

the structure that adjusts its output to make the required correction

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11
Q

what happens in the response stage

A

the corrective action is taken

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12
Q

what are the two types of feedback

A

negative and positive

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13
Q

what happens in negative feedback

A

maintains the body’s internal environment at a relatively steady state

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14
Q

what happens in positive feedback

A

amplify (increase) a response in order to achieve a particular result (pooping, birth)

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15
Q

what is the term for how body temperature is regulated

A

thermoregulation

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16
Q

what is thermoregulation controlled by?

A

hypothalamus

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17
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

a region of the brain that has thermoreceptors that monitor the core temperature

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18
Q

what does the hypothalamus do to maintain homeostasis

A

it registers change in the temperature and then it coordinates nervous and hormonal responses to counteract the changes and restore homeostasis

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19
Q

what happens in the stimulus stage of decreased body temperatures

A

the body temperature decreases below normal ranges (set point ranges)

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20
Q

what happens in the receptor stage of decreased body temperatures

A

the decrease in temperature is detected in the thermoreceptors in the skin, organs and hypothalamus

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21
Q

what happens in the control centre stage of decreased body temperatures

A

the hypothalamus will send signals via the nervous and hormonal systems to effectors

22
Q

what are the effectors of decreased body temperatures

A

blood vessels in skin, skeletal muscles and brown adipose tissue (BAT)

23
Q

what happens in the response stage of decreased body temperatures

A

reduced blood flow to the skin vessels (vasoconstriction) , shivering, BAT heat production and increased metabolic heat from BAT

24
Q

what behaivourial changes occur when your core temperature is below average

A

having a hot drink, standing in front of a heater and rubbing your hands together

25
Q

what happens in the stimulus stage after high body temperatures

A

the increase in body temperature is above normal

26
Q

what happens in the receptor stage after high body temperatures

A

increase detected by thermoreceptors in skin, organs and hypothalamus

27
Q

what happens in the control centre stage after high body temperatures

A

hypothalamus sends signal via nerves to effectors

28
Q

what are the effector after high body temperatures

A

blood vessels in skin, sweat glands

29
Q

what happens in the response stage after high body temperatures

A

vasodilation of skin vessels, initiation of sweating

30
Q

what are some behaivourial changes for increased body temperature

A

removing layer of clothing, using an ice pack and resting in the shade

31
Q

what are hormones

A

chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blood to organs, skin, muscles and other tissues

32
Q

what are 3 types of hormones

A

thyroxine, insulin and glucagon

33
Q

what does thyroxine (T4) do

A

T4 can speed up metabolic activity in cells causing heat to be produced

34
Q

how is T4 supplied to the target cells

A

thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) acts on the thyroid gland, causing it to produces thyroid hormones including T4

35
Q

what does insulin do

A

pancreas will release insulin and this instructs the target cells to absorb glucose

36
Q

what does glucagon do

A

pancreas will release glucagon and this instructs the target cells to release glucose

37
Q

summary of glucagon and insulin

A

insulin lowers blood glucose, glucagon increases blood glucose

38
Q

what are alpha cells

A

cells that secrete the hormone glucagon

39
Q

what are beta cells

A

cells that produces insulin

40
Q

what is happening in the stimulus stage of decreased blood glucose

A

decrease in blood glucose

41
Q

what is happening in the receptor stage of decreased blood glucose

A

alpha cells of pancreas

42
Q

what is happening in the control centre stage of decreased blood glucose

A

alpha cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone glucagon

43
Q

what is happening in the effector stage of decreased blood glucose

A

liver cells, body cells

44
Q

what is happening in the response stage of decreased blood glucose

A

increase in blood glucose by the release of glucose into the blood from the liver

45
Q

what is the stimulus in increased blood glucose levels

A

increase in blood glucose

46
Q

what is the receptor in increased blood glucose levels

A

beta cells of pancreas

47
Q

what is the control centre in increased blood glucose levels

A

beta cells of pancreas secrete the hormone insulin

48
Q

what is the effector in increased blood glucose levels

A

skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver

49
Q

what is the response in increased blood glucose levels

A

decrease in blood glucose by: uptake by muscle and adipose tissue and glycogen formation in liver

50
Q

what is diabetes

A

a condition where blood glucose is too high because the body’s cells cannot take up glucose in the normal way

51
Q

why isn’t there enough insulin with people with diabetes

A

the beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed so cannot produce insulin

52
Q

what do people with diabetes have to do to restore insulin levels

A

inject themselves with insulin

Biology 1 & 2 (5 decks)

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