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Psychology Unit 3: AOS 1 > AOS OVERVIEW > Flashcards

AOS OVERVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

receives neural messages from and transmits neural messages to the peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

PNS

A

comprising every neuron in the body outside of the central nervous system

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3
Q

Somatic

A

transmits neural messages related to voluntary motor movement

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4
Q

Autonomic

A
  • regulates visceral muscles, organs and glands
  • transmits neural messages to the CNS about activity
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5
Q

Sympathetic

A
  • activates visceral muscles, organs, glands
  • preparing the body to respond to a threat/stressor
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6
Q

Parasympathetic

A

maintains optimal and balanced functioning of visceral muscles, organs and glands

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7
Q

Sensory neuron (afferent)

A

transmit sensory neural messages about sensations from PNS to CNS

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8
Q

Motor neuron (efferent)

A

transmit motor neural messages about movement from CNS to PNS

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9
Q

Interneuron

A

transfer impulses between sensory and motor neurons

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10
Q

Conscious response

A

deliberate and voluntary action, initiated by the brain and performed intentionally by the body

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11
Q

Conscious response steps

A
  1. Sensory receptors receive info from sense organs
  2. Sensory neurons (somatic) send info to CNS
  3. Brain receives and interprets info and makes a decision on movement
  4. Motor neurons (somatic) send info from brain to effector cells in skeletal muscles
  5. Skeletal muscles move accordingly
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12
Q

Unconscious response

A

automatic and involuntary action performed by the body independently of the brain

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13
Q

Neurochemicals

A

chemical substance that transmits neural information within the nervous system

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical molecule that has an effect on one or two postsynaptic neurons

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15
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters (neurotransmitters)

A

glutamate – learning & memory

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16
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters (neurotransmitters)

A

GABA – reduces anxiety

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17
Q

Neuromodulators

A

chemical molecule that has an effect on multiple postsynaptic neurons

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18
Q

Types of neuromodulators

A

Dopamine – motor movement, pleasure
Serotonin – mood and sleep

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19
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

ability of synaptic connections to change over time in response to activity or experience

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20
Q

Sprouting

A

ability of dendrites and axons to develop new extensions or branches

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21
Q

Rerouting

A

ability of a neuron connected to a damaged neuron to create alternative synaptic connection with an undamaged neuron

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22
Q

Pruning

A

elimination of synaptic connections that are not adequately activated

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23
Q

long term potentiation

A

long lasting and experience dependent strengthening of synaptic connections that are regularly coactivated

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24
Q

Long term depression

A

long-lasting and experience-dependent weakening of synaptic connections that are not regularly coactivated

25
Stress
- psychological and physiological experience - occurs when an individual encounters something of significance that demands their attention and/or efforts to cope
26
Stressor
internal or external stimulus that prompts a stress response
27
Internal stress
stimulus within a person’s body that prompts stress response
28
external stress
stimulus from outside a person’s body that prompts the stress response
29
eustress
form of stress characterised by positive psychological state
30
distress
form of stress characterised by negative psychological state
31
Acute stress
stress that lasts for a relatively short time
32
Chronic stress
stress that continues for a prolonged period of time
33
flight fight freeze
involuntary response to a threatening, fearful or stressful situation, involving physiological changed produced by the sympathetic nervous system
34
Cortisol
- hormone released in times of stress - aid the body in initiating and maintaining heightened arousal (primary stress syndrome) - secreted by adrenal glands - Causes the body’s functions to operate at heightened levels
35
HPA AXIS
activated at slower, longer-lasting response to stress which induces release of cortisol into the bloodstream
36
Alarm reaction
initial decrease and subsequent increase in bodily arousal in response to immediate stressor o Shock: resistance falls below normal o Countershock: sympathetic causes physiological reactions to occur, resistance increase to above normal
37
Resistance stage
- maintaining high levels of bodily arousal in response to persistent stressor - resistance above normal - Cortisol released into bloodstream to energise body
38
Exhaustion stage
depletion of energy levels and bodily resources, resulting in an inability to cope with the stressor
39
GAS PRO AND CON
+predictable pattern of physiological responses associated with distinct stages - only focuses on biological aspects
40
Primary appraisal
initial process of evaluating the nature of incoming stressor
41
Benign positive
- initial appraisal of a stimulus as neutral or good - does not cause stress
42
Irrelevant
initial appraisal of a stimulus as a non issue for the individual
43
Harm/loss
caused damage to individual
44
Threat
causes damage to the future
45
Challenge
positive opportunity for growth
46
Secondary Appraisal
evaluating the resources required and available in order to cope with a stressor
47
Emotional focused coping
coping strategies that target emotional components of a stressor
48
Problem focused coping
coping strategies that directly target the source of the stressor
49
end of TMSC
 Coping sources are adequate o Reappraisal or reduced/eliminated stress  Not enough resources available o Stress
50
TMSC PRO AND CON
+allows track the subjective stress response -stages of primary and secondary appraisal can occur simultaneously
51
Gut microbiota
all of the microorganisms that live in the gut
52
Gut microbiome
all of the genes of the microorganisms that live in the gut
53
Gut-brain axis
the bidirectional connection between the gut and the brain through the enteric and central nervous system o Enteric nervous system: network of nerves in the gut (autonomic subdivision)
54
Context-specific effectiveness
when the coping strategy or mechanism used is appropriate for the unique demands of the stressor
55
Coping flexibility
an individuals ability to adjust or change their coping strategies depending on the unique changing demands of a stressor
56
High coping
readily adjust coping strategy
57
Low coping
difficultly in adjusting or adapting coping strategy
58
Approach strategy
directly confront source of the stress and reduce it (practical)
59
Avoidance strategy
evading or distancing oneself from source of stress (not practical)

Psychology Unit 3: AOS 1 (10 decks)

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