AOS1

Question 1

Coronation of Tsar Nicholas II

Answer 1

26 November 1896

Question 2

Russo-Japanese War

Answer 2

1904-1905

conflict in Asia

More than 10,000 russian sailors killed, Japan 690

Exacerbated existing problems of tsarist regime

Significant spark for uprisings in 1905

Question 3

Bloody Sunday

Answer 3

9 January 1905

Poor working conditions, food and house shortages.

3 January Putilov Steel workers strike after 5 men sacked. Sympathetic strikes throughout St petersburg followed.

15,000 workers by 7 January. City had no electricity, newspapers and public areas closed on 8 January.

111, 000 marched

Petition signed by 135, 000 workers
Government reported 96 killed and 333 wounded.

Estimated 200 killed and 800 wounded

Question 4

1905 revolution

Answer 4

January to October

Mutinies and strikes

Trotsky establishes the soviets

spontaneous peasant revolts in July, looting and burning estates, demanding for transfer of land to peasantry

September army troops mutiny and controlled a section of Trans-Siberian railway

Question 5

October 1905

Answer 5

General widespread strikes paralysing the economy.

Began in st petersburg spreading to moscow.

Businesses, universities, railways, shops, banks closed. Economy halted.

Forced Tsar to react.

Question 6

October Manifesto

Answer 6

26 October 1905

Tsar Nicholas submits to popular demand and creates the political body the Duma becoming a constitutional monarchy

Sergei Witte becomes prime minister, arrests entire soviet, Trotsky exiled to Siberia

Question 7

Sergei Witte

Answer 7

industrialised russia

built trans siberian railway

Question 8

Historian interpretation

Answer 8

Sheila Fitzpatrick argues the popular movements of 1905 were a very militant industrial working class

Orlando Figes argues after 1905 society had changed for good

Question 9

1906-1911

Answer 9

Peter Stolypin

Prime Minister

strengthened Tsarist regime

limited power of the Dumas, strengthened the economy and eliminated revolutionary opposition

Question 10

Fundamental State Laws

Answer 10

23 April 1906

Issued by the Tsar four days before the opening of the Duma

His reassertion of absolute authority rendered the Duma powerless.

‘Supreme Autocratic power belongs to the Emperor’

Question 11

First Duma

Answer 11

April - July 1906

dismissed for its radical demands

Question 12

Second Duma

Answer 12

February - June 1907

dismissed again for radical demands

some demands of both Dumas
Constitution, state, church and private land to peasants, universal free education, equality in the law and tax

Question 13

Third Duma

Answer 13

1907 - 1912

served full five years, illegal changes to the electoral laws had ensured it was conservative with limited worker, peasant and national minority representatives.

no official influence over government decisions

Question 14

Assassination of Stolypin

Answer 14

shot at a gala in Kiev

Nicholas stopped land and social reforms

Question 15

Lena Goldfields massacre

Answer 15

4 April 1912

gold miners were massacred for striking for better working conditions

70% of workers had been injured

Demanded 30% increase in wage, decrease in fines, set prices on food in company shop.

soldiers fired on crowd 500 killed or wounded

Question 16

Key strike statistic

Answer 16

strikes at low in 1910 47,000 participants.

More than 10,000 in St Petersburg in May 1912

1 337 000 went on strike in first half of 1914.

Question 17

Separation of bolsheviks and mensheviks

Answer 17

1912

Question 18

Russia enters WWI

Answer 18

1914

increased nationalistic fervour

Russian army was the largest in the world 13 million mobilised soldiers. More than Germany and Austria combined.

Majority were conscripted peasants with little training. Poor military leadership, critical lack of ammunition, supplies and organisation

In first 12 months more than 4 million men lost

By 1916 four and a half times more men captured than killed. Britain had five times more men killed than captured.

Question 19

Battle of Tannenberg

Answer 19

18 August

13 000 deaths, POW 100 000

Question 20

Battle of Masurian Lakes

Answer 20

2 September

Entire army unit surrounded and forced to surrender.

Question 21

Tsar takes command of the army

Answer 21

August 1915

He is blamed for the failing war effort

abandoned Petrograd

Question 22

Tsarina and Rasputin

Answer 22

1915-1916

Alexandra was German

conspiracies about the influence of Rasputin, an affair between the two and the Tsarina favouring pro-german policy

Question 23

Economic impacts of war

Answer 23

Cost 4.7 times the total government expenditure in 1913

Borrowed money from allied countries

October wages rose 50% but goods between 100% - 500%

fuel shortages heightened by freezing winter factories operated for limited periods or shut down

unemployment increased.

Question 24

social impacts of war

Answer 24

Violent resistance to conscription

Women lying on tracks

Anti war sentiment

Question 25

Wars impact on rev

Answer 25

Tsar lost loyalty of most sections of pop Military failures lost faith of the army and conscripted families Tsarina and Rasputin control of internal affairs disillusioned ruling elite and middle class intelligentsia. Economic hardships made life unbearable for industrial workers, peasants and their families. Discontent in old order was now targeted at Autocratic Tsarism itself.

Question 26

February revolution

Answer 26

23 February - 3 March 18 feb 20 000 workers locked out of Putilov steel works resulting in strikes of all the workers. (Start of feb rev) 23 Feb international women's day saw 90 000 women marching streets of Petrograd against lack of food and war 24 Feb - 200 000 workers were on strike. Cossacks patrolled but didn’t fire. 25 Feb 240 000 strikers. City comes to stand still. Public transport and newspapers stopped. 26 feb soldiers began to join strikes becoming dangerous revolts. Many tried to clear streets but several among crowds fired at police. Tsar ordered Duma to cease meeting. Rodzianko tried to pressures Tsar into action. 27 feb workers controlled entire city except winter palace, admiralty and telegraph installations.15 000 political prisoners and criminals released. Gvt records burnt. Rodzianko continues to pressure Tsar into action. 12 members of Duma refused to dissolve, formed a provisional committee. John Pollock, an English journalist estimated 40 000 soldiers had mutinied; others estimate 75 000. 28 Feb escalated to extreme violence. Police with machine guns and rifles positioned themselves at the top of high buildings. Provisional committee declares itself provisional gvt. Soldiers and workers formed the Petrograd Soviet.

Question 27

Provisional Government

Answer 27

28 February 1917

Question 28

Soviet Order No. 1

Answer 28

1 March 1917 military orders were only to be obeyed if approved by the Soviet. It affirmed that the Soviet had the real authority and control of Petrograd. Tsar approves provisional government

Question 29

Abdication of the Tsar

Answer 29

2 March 1917 ended the 300 year Romanov Dynasty

Question 30

Reforms of the Provisional Government

Answer 30

Full amnesty of political and religious prisoners Freedom of speech Freedom of press Freedom to strike and assemble in unions Abolition of class, religious and national restrictions Preparations for a vote Okhrana replaced by people's militia Election of local councils Gained power by default rather than being elected so weren't very popular

Question 31

Lenins return and speech at Finland Station

Answer 31

3 April 1917 Calls for the overthrow of the provisional government. ‘Peace, land, bread!’

Question 32

Lenins April Thesis

Answer 32

4 April 1917 A second revolution was needed to overthrow the corrupt provisional government. The soviet led by bolsheviks was the only possible form of government.

Question 33

June offensive

Answer 33

18-20 June 1917 Attempt to boost morale and unity in the army. Organisation to country. Kerensky's failed attack on the Austrians and Germans. Fuelled Lenin’s arguments for withdrawing from the imperialist war. 20 000 casualties Economic, social problems Peasant uprisings took control of land. Soldiers desertion.

Question 34

July days

Answer 34

This failed revolt seemingly signalled the end of the Bolshevik leadership and party, and the final victory of Kerensky and the Provisional Government. 568 factories closed down 104 000 were dismissed Half a million protesters Kerensky used royal troops to disperse protesters Kerensky becomes prime minister. Bolsheviks blamed for disturbances. Lenin escapes to finland. Trotsky became a member of bolsheviks

Question 35

Kornilov Revolt

Answer 35

26 August 1917 Exposed provisional government’s weakness and lack of military support. Trotsky released from prison, earned great respect by forming the Red Guard to defend Petrograd against fear of Kornilov staging a coup. Major turning point that allowed bolsheviks to regain power. Kornilov warns of need to protect petrograd against advancing germans Fear he was planning a coup Bolsheviks released from prison trotsky forms red guard from 40 000 radical workers

Question 36

Return of Lenin

Answer 36

7 October 1917 The timing of, support and strategies for the October revolution were implemented through Lenin’s persuasion. 10 October Lenin persuades the congress of soviets that an armed insurrection was necessary. Kerensky reacts, bolshevik newspaper shut down, wires cut to hq, women's battalion and kadets sent to protect winter palace cossacks.

Question 37

Lynch

Answer 37

In October 1917 the Bolsheviks were pushing against an already open door.

Question 38

Darby

Answer 38

no WWI, no october revolution