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Biology 3/4 > AoS1 > Flashcards

AoS1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Protein

A

A biomacromolecule which is made of a polypeptide

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2
Q

Biomacromoleule

A

A large organic molecule composed of smaller sub units found in organisms

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3
Q

Polypeptide

A

A long chain of amino acids

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4
Q

Proteome

A

All proteins that are expressed by a cell or organism at a given time

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5
Q

Enzyme

A

An organic molecule (typically a protein) that catalyzes specific reactions

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6
Q

Peptide hormone

A

a protein signaling molecule that regulates physiology or behavior

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7
Q

Antibody

A

A protein produced by plasma cells during the adaptive immune response that is specific to an antigen and combats pathogens

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8
Q

Amino Acids

A

The monomers which make up proteins

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9
Q

Structure of amino acids

A

Central carbon with an amine group, carboxyl group and an R group

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10
Q

Step of the polymerisation of amino acids

A

Condensation reaction which occurs in a ribosome
1. tRNA molecule brings the specific amino acid into place
2. the hydroxyl group is broken of the carboxyl group of one amino acid and forms a covalent bond with a hydrogen from the adjacent amino acid
3.the residue of the amino acids is joined together by a peptide bond

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11
Q

Polymer

A

a large molecule that is made of repeated monomers

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12
Q

Peptide bond

A

the chemical bond that link two amino acids

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13
Q

4 levels of protein structure

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

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14
Q

Primary structure

A

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

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15
Q

secondary structure

A

alpha helix, beta-pleated sheets, random coil

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16
Q

Alpha helix

A

right-hand spiraling of the polypeptide caused by the repulsion between equally charged side chains

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17
Q

Beta-pleated sheet

A

two or more lengths of polypeptide lined up beside each other forming a sheet which is held together by hydrogen bonds between non-adjacent regions of amino acids.

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18
Q

Tertiary structure

A

the overall 3D shape of a protein

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19
Q

Chaperon protein

A

a protein which folds a polypeptide

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20
Q

Quaternary structure

A

two or more polypeptides with tertiary structure joined together

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21
Q

Prosthetic group

A

a non-protein group bound to a protein with tertiary or quaternary structure

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22
Q

Conjugated protein

A

A polypeptide chain with at least tertiary structure and a prosthetic group

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23
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

A larger polymer composed from nucleotide monomers that stores genetic information

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24
Q

Type of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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25
General nucleotide structure
a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base
26
What attaches to the 1' carbon
the nitrogenous base
27
What attaches to the 3' carbon
the phosphate of the following nucleotide
28
What attaches to the 5' carbon
the phosphate of the nucleotide
29
How do nucleotides bond
phosphodiester bonds formed from condensation reactions between nucleotides
30
What is the linkage of sugar and phosphate in nucleic acids called
sugar-phosphate backbone
30
Deoxyribose nucleic acid
a double-stranded nucleic acid chain made of nucleotides which carries the genetic code of an organism
31
Genome
the complete set of DNA within an organism
32
Structure of DNA nucleotide
a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base
33
DNA complementary base pairing
adenine and thymine (2 hydrogen bonds) guanine and cytosine (3 hydrogen bonds)
34
shape of DNA
double helix with 2 nucleotides chains that run antiparallel to each other
35
antiparallel strands
one stand runs 5' to 3' and the other stand run 3' to 5'
36
Ribonucleic Acid
a single stranded nucleic acids made of nucleotide, it has many functions by primary is involved in the synthesis of proteins
37
structure of RNA nucleotide
a phosphate group, ribose sugar and a nitrogenous base
38
complementary base pairing of RNA
adenine and uracil (2 hydrogen bonds) guanine and cytosine (3 hydrogen bonds)
39
types of RNA
messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA
40
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes
41
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
delivers specific amino acids to the ribosome after recognising specific codon on mRNA
42
Ribosomal RNA
serves as the main structural component of ribosomes within cells
43
Purines
Adenine and Guanine
44
Pyridines
Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
45
Gene
a section of DNA that carries the code to make a protein
46
Promoter
the sequence of DNA which RNA polymerase binds to
47
Intron
region of non-coding DNA that do not contribute to the final protein
48
Exon
region of coding DNA
49
Termination sequence
a sequence of DNA which signals the end of transcription
50
Operator
a region of DNA where a repressor protein can bind
51
Leader
the section of DNA immediately upstream of the coding region
52
Repressor Protein
a protein coded for by a regulatory gene that prevents gene expression by binding to the operator region
53
the genetic code
the set of rules which information is encoded in genetic material
54
Triplet
the sequence of 3 nucleotide in DNA
55
Codon
the sequence of 3 nucleotide in RNA
56
Properties of the genetic code
Universal, Unambiguous, Degenerate, Non-overlapping
57
Universal
nearly all living things us the same codons to code for specific amino acids
58
Unambiguous
each codon can only code for one specific amino acid
59
Degenerate
each amino acid can be coded for by multiple codons
60
non-overlapping
each triplet/codon is read independently without overlapping from adjacent triplets/codons
61
Gene expression
the production of functional gene productions such as proteins or non-coding strands of RNA
62
Overall stages of gene expression for the production of protein
transcription, RNA procession, mRNA exits the nucleus through nuclear pores to a ribosome, translation, export
63
Transcription
DNA template strand is used to produce a complementary sequence of pre-mRNA
64
Stages of transcription
1. transcription factors bind to the promoter region to initiate transcription so RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter region, this signals the weak hydrogen bonds between the stands of DNA to brake, resulting in the DNA unwinding 2. RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of DNA, using free complementary RBA nucleotides to synthesis a complementary strand of RNA called pre-mRNA 3. RNA polymerase reaches the termination sequence and detaches from the template stands, then the DNA molecule winds back up into a double helix
65
RNA processing
the modification of pre-mRNA to mRNA
66
Steps in RNA processing
splicing, addition of 5' methyl-G cap and a 3' poly-A tail
67
Splicing
spliceosome removes the introns and splices the exons together
68
Alternative Splicing
Different exons are spliced out resulting in a single gene producing multiple mRNA strands
69
Translation
The process where mRNA is read to produce a corresponding amino acid to build a polypeptide
70
Stages of translation
1. the 5' end of the mRNA molecule binds to the ribosome 2. the mRNA molecule is fed through the ribosome 3. when it reaches the start codon (AUG) a tRNA molecule with a complementary anticodon attaches to the tRNA, bringing the specific amino acid 4. the adjacent amino acids bind together through a condensation reaction to form peptide bonds 5. this continues until the stop codon on the mRNA molecule is read by the ribosome, as there is no corresponding tRNA molecules the polypeptide is released by the ribosome
71
ribosomes
the site of protein sythesis
72
transport vesicles
the transport vesicles containing the protein buds off the rough ER to dues with Golgi Apparatus
73
Golgi Apparatus
modifies the protein by adding or removing chemical groups and packages the proteins from export out of the cell
74
Part of the Golgi Apparatus
cis, medial, trans
75
cisternae
each flattened membrane sac of the Golgi apparatus
76
secretory vesicle
bud of the Golgi apparatus and travel though the cytosol, fusing with the plasma membrane, releasing the protein to the extracellular enviroment by exocytosis
77
Exocytosis
The process of a vesicle releasing its contents out of the cell Form of bulk transport, active transport so requires ATP
78
Gene regulation
the process of either inhibiting or activating gene expression
78
structural gene
a segment of DNA that code for proteins that influence the structure or function of a cell or organism
79
regulatory gene
a segment of DNA responsible for producing proteins that control gene expression of other genes
80
Operon
a cluster of linked gene that all share a common purpose and are transcribed at the same time
81
Reasons for gene regulation
Conserve energy and differentiation of cells for different specific functions

Biology 3/4 (1 decks)

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