AOS1 Stages of Development

Question 1

Cognitive:
0-2 years old

Answer 1

Sensorimotor
Children develop object permanence and goal-oriented behaviour

Question 2

Cognitive
2-7 years old

Answer 2

Preoperational
Children are egocentric.
Children overcome centration (only being able to focus on one feature of an object) and learn reversibility (objects can change and return back to their original form)

Question 3

Cognitive
7-12 years old

Answer 3

Concrete Operational
Children develop the understanding of conservation and skill of classification, and are able to perform simple mental operations.

Question 4

Cognitive
12+ years old

Answer 4

Formal Operational
Children develop the ability to produce abstract thought and develop the activity to use reason and logic.

Question 5

Social
0-1 years old

Answer 5

Trust vs Mistrust
If an infant’s needs are met they develop trust in their caregiver. If their needs are not met they develop mistrust, which can lead into paranoia, fear and a lack of safety in relationships.

Question 6

Social
3-6 years old

Answer 6

Initiative vs Guilt
When initiative is encouraged, individuals feel that they are being listened to and respected, leading to an enhanced level of self-confidence. Experiences of rejection or punishment may lead to a sense of guilt. In adulthood, this may lead to self-doubt and allowing others to be in control of relationships.

Question 6

Social
1-3 years old

Answer 6

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
If toddlers are encouraged to act independently, they develop autonomy. If a toddler’s independence is denied, they will doubt their ability to make choices, which may lead to feelings of being ridiculed by peers or being overly dependent in adult relationships.

Question 7

Social
6-12 years old

Answer 7

Industry vs Inferiority
If children are encouraged and feel proud of their performance, they develop a sense of industry which leads to the belief that they are competent. If they feel inadequate when comparing themselves to others, they will develop a sense of inferiority.

Question 8

Social
12-19 years old

Answer 8

Identity vs Role Confusion
Individuals attempt to navigate their social world and seek clarity on who they are, their capabilities and their role in the world. If these points become clear, a sense of identity is developed. Role confusion lacks this strong sense of self. If role confusion is never resolved, the individual will have a weak sense of self and remain uncertain about who they are in the future.

Question 9

Social
19-30 years old

Answer 9

Intimacy vs Isolation
If a young adult has a strong sense of self and trust, they will likely be able to experience intimacy within their relationships. If these traits are lacking and intimacy fails to occur, and individuals feel that they are lacking romantic connection, they can often feel isolated and lonely, leading to an inability to form romantic connections.

Question 10

Social
30-64 years old

Answer 10

Generativity vs Stagnation
Individuals evaluate whether they lead a purposeful and meaningful life. The sense of purposefulness is known as generativity. Those without generativity may experience stagnation, which can involve a sense of disconnect from the community or society.

Question 11

Social
65+ years old

Answer 11

Integrity vs Despair
This stage involves reflecting on your life and evaluating whether you have succeeded and achieved your goals. If an individual feels satisfied with their achievements, they have integrity. If they look back on their life with regret, there is an experience of despair. This leads to a sense of bitterness.