AOS2 Chapter 4 Flashcards
(31 cards)
What is Structural Neuroimaging
Static neuroimaging
Produces images, or ‘scans’
Shows brain structure and anatomy
CT and MRi
What is functional neuroimaging
Dynamic
Provides views of brain function
Shows brain “at work”
Provides some info of structure
PET and fMRI
what is Split brain
The hemispheres communicate through a link – corpus callosum
Split Brain: severing the corpus callosum, cutting off the hemispheres from each other
each hemispheres roles
Left hemisphere: speech and language
Right hemisphere: visual-motor tasks
Hindbrain (cerebellum) main functions
- Controls coordination, balance, and movement
Involved in learning motor skills like biking or kicking a ball
What if the hindbrain (cerebellum gets damaged
-reduced motor control and imbalance
Midbrain (Reticular formation) main functions
- Filters sensory input
- Alerts brain to important info
- Maintains consciousness
Regulates arousal and muscle tension
What if the midbrain (reticular formation) gets damaged
- Disrupts sleep, attention, balance
Affects pain management and balance
Forebrain (Hypothalamus) main functions
- Maintains homeostasis,, the body’s status quo
- Regulates hunger, thirst, temperature, and sleep
Activates stress response via endocrine system
What if the forebrain (Hypothalamus) gets damaged
-disruption in body temp, growth, eating habits, weight control, emotion, sexual behaviour, motivation, and sleep cycles
Forebrain (thalamus) main functions
- Relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex
Regulates sleep, alertness, and consciousness
What if the forebrain (thalamus) gets damaged
-damage to the thalamus can lead to deafness, blindness, or loss of other senses (except smell), sensory issues, and sensitivity
Forebrain (cerebrum) main functions
- Controls conscious actions
- Handles learning, memory, thinking
Regulates movement, emotions, and personality
cerebral cortex
The outermost layer of the brain – 3mm thick
Makes up approximately half the weight of total brain mass
A wrinkled layer made up of bulges (gyri) and furrows (sulci)
Increased surface area = increase in the number of neurons and neural connections
Frontal lobe
Largest of all four lobes
Cortical area does not have a specific sensory or motor role, so instead it:
-Integrates information received from other brain areas
-Gives meaning to it
-Determines an appropriate response
What are the three main areas of the frontal lobe
Prefrontal cortex
Primary motor cortex
Broca’s area
primary motor cortex
controlling voluntary bodily movements
The left primary motor cortex controls voluntary movements on the right side of the body vice versa
Broca’s area
Location: Left frontal lobe
Role: responsible for the movement of mouth muscles for articulation of words and meaningful speech
what if broca’s area gets damaged
can cause Broca’s aphasia – a disorder where they are unable to produce clear and articulate speech
Speech is deliberate, and abbreviated
Simple grammatical structure
Can comprehend language, but have difficulty producing speech, and may also struggle with written language
damage to the frontal lobe results in:
-Poor planning, attention, and memory
-Trouble with emotions and social cues
-Motor skill and speech issues
-Personality changes
parietal lobe
Location: behind the frontal lobe and above the occipital lobe
Role:
* Registers and processes touch, pain, pressure
* Coordinates sensation and movement
* Right: 3D perception
Left: reading and writing
somatosensory cortex
Location: At the front of the parietal lobe
Role:
Receives and processes sensory information like tough, pressure, and pain
damage to the parietal lobe results in
- Loss of sensation and pain perception
- Clumsiness and spatial issues
Trouble navigating and telling left from right
occipital lobe
Location: at the back of the cerebral cortex
Role:
* Processes visual signals from both eyes
Integrates vision with memory, language, and sound
