aos2 learning and memory

Question 1

behaviourist approaches to learning

Answer 1

theories that propose learning occurs by interacting with the external environment
e.g. classical conditioning, operant conditioning

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

a process of learning through the involuntary association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Question 3

phases of classical conditioning

Answer 3

• before conditioning
• during conditioning
• after conditioning

Question 4

before conditioning

Answer 4

• the first stage of classical conditioning
• the neutral stimulus has no associations and doesn’t produce any significant response

Question 5

during conditioning

Answer 5

• the second stage of classical conditioning
• the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

after conditioning

Answer 6

• third stage of classical conditioning
• the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, thereby producing a conditioned response

Question 7

neutral stimulus

Answer 7

the stimulus that produces no significant response prior to conditioning

Question 8

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

the stimulus that produces an unconscious response

Question 9

unconditioned response

Answer 9

a naturally occurring behaviour in response to the neutral stimulus

Question 10

conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

the stimulus that produces a conditioned response after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

conditioned response

Answer 11

the response that occurs involuntarily after the conditioned stimulus is presented

Question 12

operant conditioning

Answer 12

a three-phase learning process that involves an antecedent, behaviour, and consequence, whereby the consequence of a behaviour determines the likelihood that it will reoccur

Question 13

phases of operant conditioning

Answer 13

• antecedent
• behaviour
• consequences

Question 14

antecedent

Answer 14

the stimulus/ event that precedes and often elicits a particular behaviour

Question 15

behaviour

Answer 15

the voluntary actions that occur in the presence of the antecedent

Question 16

consequence

Answer 16

the outcome of the behaviour, which determines the likelihood that it will occur again

Question 17

types of consequences

Answer 17

Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment

Question 18

positive reinforcement

Answer 18

The addition of the desirable stimulus, which in turn increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

Question 19

negative reinforcement

Answer 19

the removal of an undesirable stimulus, which increases behaviour

Question 20

reinforcement

Answer 20

• a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

Question 21

punishment

Answer 21

• a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccuring

Question 22

positive punishment

Answer 22

the addition of an undesireable stimulus, which decreases the likelihood of a behaviour

Question 23

negative punishment

Answer 23

the removal of a desireable stimulus, which decreases the likelihood of a behaviour

Question 24

social-cognitive approach to learning

Answer 24

a theory that proposes learning takes place in a social setting and involves various cognitive processes
e.g. observational learning

Question 25

observational learning

Answer 25

a process of learning that involves watching the behaviour of a model and associated consequences of that behaviour

Question 26

stages of observational learning

Answer 26

- attention - retention - reproduction - motivation - reinforcement

Question 27

attention

Answer 27

the first stage of observational learning in which individuals actively focus on the model's behaviour and the consequences of that behaviour

Question 28

retention

Answer 28

the second stage of observational learning in which individuals create a mental representation to remember the model's demonstrated behaviour

Question 29

reproduction

Answer 29

the third stage of observational learning in which the individual must have the physical and mental capabilities to replicate the behaviour

Question 30

motivation

Answer 30

the fourth stage of observational learning in which the individual must want to reproduce the behaviour

Question 31

reinforcement

Answer 31

the fifth stage of observational learning in which the individual receives a positive consequence for the behaviour which makes them more likely to reproduce the behaviour

Question 32

atkinson-shiffrin multi-store model of memory

Answer 32

a model of memory which outlines the three separate stores of memory (sensory, short-term, and long-term) each of which interact through the processes of encoding, storage and retrieval

Question 33

encoding

Answer 33

the process of converting information into a useable form which can be manipulated and stored in the brain

Question 34

storage

Answer 34

the retention of information over time

Question 35

retrieval

Answer 35

the process of accessing information from the long-term and bringing it to the short-term

Question 36

sensory memory

Answer 36

a store of memory which very briefly stores raw information detected by the senses (iconic, echoic, and haptic memory)

Question 37

short term memory

Answer 37

- memory that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated - capacity of 7±2 items - duration of 18-30 seconds - can be manipulated through processes such as chunking, maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal

Question 38

long term memory

Answer 38

- unlimited capacity - relatively permanent duration - information from the LTM can be retrieved into the STM - sometimes information in the LTM cannot be accessed

Question 39

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 39

the repetition of information in its original form to keep it in the short-term memoy

Question 40

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 40

A method of encoding that involves linking new information to previously stored information in the long-term memory

Question 41

association

Answer 41

Linking new information with existing knowledge

Question 42

narrative chaining

Answer 42

A mnemonic that involves linking unrelated items together by creating a story that includes all the concepts to be remembered.