AP 1 Regional Intro

Question 1

How many adult human skeleton bones?

Answer 1

206 bones (most paired L/R)

Question 2

Two divisions of adult skeleton bones?

Answer 2

Axial Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

Question 3

Basic types of bones (based on shape)

Answer 3

• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular
• Sesamoid

Question 4

Bones in joint between skull bones

Answer 4

Sutural Bones

Question 5

Greater length than width

Consist of shaft and extremities (ends)

Slightly curved for strength

Answer 5

Long Bones

Question 6

Examples: femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius

Answer 6

Long Bones

Question 7

Nearly equal in length and width

Examples: carpal bones of wrist (except pisiform, which is a sesamoid bone)

Answer 7

Short Bones

Question 8

Generally thin

Provide for protection

Extensive areas for muscle attachment

Examples: cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae

Answer 8

Flat Bones

Question 9

Functions:
protect tendons from excessive wear and tear
may change the direction of pull of a tendon, thereby improving the mechanical advantage at a joint

Answer 9

Sesamoid Bones

Question 10

Develop in certain tendons that have considerable friction, tension, and physical stress

Vary from person to person

Not always completely ossified

Examples: patellae

Answer 10

Sesamoid Bones

Question 11

Apparently formed due to additional ossification centers in or near sutures

Most commonly found in the lambdoid suture, but also seen in other sutures

Small bones that are located in sutures between cranial bones

Answer 11

Sutural Bones

Question 12

Complex shapes that prevent grouping them into one of the previous categories
Examples: vertebrae, hip bones, calcaneus

Answer 12

Irregular Bones

Question 13

Projections or outgrowths

either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue

Answer 13

Processes

Question 14

Participate in joints, or

allow the passage of soft tissue

Answer 14

Depression and Openings

Question 15

Foramen

Answer 15

Opending

Question 16

Fossa

Answer 16

Shallow depression

Question 17

Sulcus

Answer 17

Groove

Question 18

Tubelike passageway or canal

Answer 18

Meatus

Question 19

Large, round prominence at the end of a bone, typically part of a joint

Answer 19

Condyle

Question 20

Bony prominence on each side of the ankle

Answer 20

Malleolus

Question 21

Smooth flat arcticular surface

Answer 21

Facet

Question 22

Prominent ridge or elongated projection

Answer 22

Crest

Question 23

Very large projection

Answer 23

Trochanter

Question 24

Large, round typically roughened projection

Answer 24

Tuberosity

Question 25

Small, round projection

Answer 25

Tubercle

Question 26

Tubercle versus tuberosity: A ____ is a bony projection that is larger and generally rougher than a tubercle. ____ are typically found near the head of a bone, whereas tuberosities are on the shaft, or perhaps the base, of a bone

Answer 26

Tuberosity Tubercles

Question 27

Origin is the bones that does not move when muscles shorten

Answer 27

OK

Question 28

Insertion is the movable bone

Answer 28

Yep

Question 29

Arrangement of Fascicles; | fascicles parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle; terminate at either end in flat tendons

Answer 29

Parallel

Question 30

Arrangement of Fascicles; fascicles nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle; terminate in flat tendons; muscle tapers toward tendons, where diameter is less than at belly.

Answer 30

Fusiform

Question 31

Arrangement of Fascicles; | (sphincter): Fascicles in concentric circular arrangements form sphincter muscles that enclose an orifice

Answer 31

Circular

Question 32

Arrangement of Fascicles; (convergent): Fascicles spread over a broad area, and converge at a thick central tendon, giving muscle a triangular appearance.

Answer 32

Triangular

Question 33

Arrangement of Fascicles; | Fascicles are short in relation to total muscle length, and are arranged on only one side of the tendon.

Answer 33

Unipennate

Question 34

Arrangement of Fascicles; Fascicles are arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons which extend nearly the entire length of the muscle.

Answer 34

Bipennate

Question 35

Arrangment of Fascicles; Fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons, which in turn extend nearly the entire length of the muscle

Answer 35

Multipennate

Question 36

(Agonist) | Contracts to cause the desired action

Answer 36

Prime Mover

Question 37

Stretches and yields to Prime Mover

Answer 37

Antagonist

Question 38

Contract to stabilize nearby joints

Answer 38

Synergist

Question 39

stabilize the origin of the prime mover

Answer 39

Fixators

Question 40

Is the observation that a nerve that innervates a joint, also tends to innervate the muscles that move the joint, and the skin that covers the attachments of those muscles This fact arises as a result of embryological development

Answer 40

Hilton's Law

Question 41

(AKA neuralgia, neuritis, pinched or trapped nerve): is caused by physical compression or irritation of major nerve trunks and peripheral nerves, producing distant nerve pain symptoms

Answer 41

Entrapment Neuropathy

Question 42

Symptoms in the upper limbs can be caused by the nerve compression at the following sites: Neck

Answer 42

Neck: Thoracic outlet syndrome

Question 43

Symptoms in the upper limbs can be caused by the nerve compression at the following sites: Shoulder

Answer 43

Shoulder: Supraclavicular neuritis

Question 44

Symptoms in the upper limbs can be caused by the nerve compression at the following sites: Elbow

Answer 44

Elbow: Ulnar neuritis, Median neuritis, Radial neuritis

Question 45

Symptoms in the upper limbs can be caused by the nerve compression at the following sites: Wrist

Answer 45

Wrist: Carpal tunnel syndrome, Ulnar neuritis

Question 46

Symptoms in the lower limbs can be caused by nerve compression at the following sites: Hip:

Answer 46

Hip: piriformis syndrome

Question 47

Symptoms in the lower limbs can be caused by nerve compression at the following sites: Leg:

Answer 47

Leg: compartment syndrome

Question 48

Symptoms in the lower limbs can be caused by nerve compression at the following sites: Foot:

Answer 48

Foot: - Tarsal tunnel syndrome - Medial plantar neuritis - Digital neuritis - Deep fibular neuritis (deep peroneal neuritis)

Question 49

Entrapment Neuropathy: | ________ include tingling and pain, often followed or accompanied by reduced sensation or complete numbness

Answer 49

Symptoms

Question 50

Entrapment Neuropathy: ________ commonly observed are muscle weakness, which is usually noted later than the above symptoms, and may be associated with muscle atrophy

Answer 50

Signs

Question 51

Two main circulatory routes:

Answer 51

Systemic Pulmonary

Question 52

All systemic arteries branch from the aorta, which has four branches:

Answer 52

1. Ascending aorta 2. Arch of the aorta 3. Thoracic aorta 4. Abdominal aorta

Question 53

Venae Comitantes arrangement has two beneficial results: | regional intro slides 37/38

Answer 53

1. Countercurrent heat exchanger in which warm arterial blood warms cooler venous blood returning to the heart 2. Arteriovenous pump wherein veins stretch and flatten as the artery expands during contraction of the heart

Question 54

Tubercle versus tuberosity: which is on larger? Where are they found?

Answer 54

Tubercle versus tuberosity: A tuberosity is a bony projection that is larger and generally rougher than a tubercle. Tubercles are typically found near the head of a bone, whereas tuberosities are on the shaft, or perhaps the base, of a bone