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AP 101 Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Layers of Epidermis and cells

A

Epidermis composed of epitheal tissue
Thicker CT = Dermis
Subcutaneous = Areolar + Adipose Tissue

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2
Q

Define Keratinocytes

A

stratified squamous epithleam
Produce keratin protein and lamelluar granules
90% epidermal cells

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3
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce pigment melanin

8% of epidermal cells

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4
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

Red Bone marrow
immune system recognition
Damaged by UV light

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5
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Detect touch sensation

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6
Q

5 layers of epidermis in order thin

A

Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Corneum

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7
Q

5 layers of thick epidermis

A

Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum

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8
Q

Basale

A

Basal = Base
Cuboidal columnar kertinocytes
Melano cytes + Merkel Cell

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9
Q

Spinosum

A

Spinosum = thorn like

langerhan cell metancoyte

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10
Q

Granulosum

A

Granulos = little grains
tonofilament abundance
keratohylin protein
lameller granules

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11
Q

Lucidum

A

Lucid = Clear
Only present in THICK skin
dead keratinocytes

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12
Q

Corneum

A

Corne = horn structure
within cells keratin
between cells lipids

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13
Q

What is keratinization

A

Accumulation of keratin as cells move from
one epidermal to the next
occurs in S basale

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14
Q

Growth of epidermis?

A

4 weeks (Formation and migration)
Vascular supply from dermis
Cells in S basale most active. produce keratinocytes

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15
Q

Composition papillary4 and reticular 5

A 
Papillary - 
Consists of areolar connective tissue
Dermal papillae consist of 
Capillary loops
Meissner corpuscles
 Free nerve endings

Retitcular-
consist of DENSE Irregular connective tissue
Fibroblast, collagen, elastic fibers
strength extensibility elasticity

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16
Q

Function of Sebaceous Glands (Oil)

A

Keeps hair moist
Prevents excessive evaporation
inhibits growth of bacteria

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17
Q

Function of Sudoriferous Glands

A

2 main types = Eccrine & apocrine
Eccrine is outwards Merocrine

Regulates Temperature
Elimination of waste
Emotional Sweating

Apocrine is Seperate from,

emotional sweating
sexual activity
no role in thermal regulation

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18
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

Sweat Glands in the ear
produces wax lubricant with ear hairs provides sticky barrier

waterproof canals
prevents bacteria from entering cell

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19
Q

Functions of the skin

A 
Thermoregulation
Blood reservoir
Protection
Cutaneous sensation 
Excretion vs absorption
Synthesis of Vit D
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20
Q

Cutaneous vs Tactile

A

Cutaneous - stimulate skin surface very superficial
Tactile, Thermal, Pain and proprioceptive

Tactile
Tactile sensation
Touch - Pressure - Vibration - Itch Tickle

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21
Q

Recepters in the skin

A

Thermo Recepters
Free nerve ending

Thermation sensation
detected by cold n warm recepters
above 48 below 10

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22
Q

6 Function of Skeletal System

A 
Bone osseous tissue
Cartilidge
DCT
epitheleium
Adipose Nervous tissue
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23
Q

2 types of bone marrow

A

Blood cell production = Red Bone Marrow

Triglyceride production = Yellow Bone Marrow

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24
Q

Define Homeopoises

A

the production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow.

all bone marrow is red

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25
Describe each part of long bone
``` Typical Components: Diaphysis Bone shaft or body – long, cylindrical, main portion of bone Epiphysis Proximal and distal portion of bone Metaphysis Regions bw the diaphysis and epiphysis In a growing bone – each metaphysis contains an epiphyseal (growth) plate – layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length ``` Articular cartilage Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone Reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints Medullary cavity (marrow cavity) Hallow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults
26
Location and function of Periosteum Endosteum
Periosteum is located around the bone protection and fracture repair contains thick bundles of collagen fibers endosteum - located inside the bone surface single cell layers small amounts of CT
27
what is Osseous Tissue
Bone contains extracellular matrix surrounding cells | water collagen mineral sale
28
Define calcification
Bone building Block/cells osteoblasts
29
Hardness vs flexibility
Harndess depends on inorganic mineral salts in the bone Flexiliblity depends on collagen fibers n organic molecules in bone
30
4 types of bone cells
Osteo genic Cells - only cell that does cell division inside endo periosteum n canals Osteo- Blasts, Building blocks , builds ECM of bone initiate calcification Osteo- Cyte, Maintains and matures bone cells Clasts - Breaks down in ECM lots in endosteum Resporption.
31
Location function of compact tissue
under periosteum , protects supports resists, Osteons
32
location function of spongy tissue
no osteons, interior bone tissue , trabeculae support Red bone marrow
33
compact and spongy bone
Spongy reduces weight of bone
34
Location and role of Nutrient arteries?
supplies inner portion of compact and red bone marrow up EPIPHYSEAL LINE
35
Periosteal arteries
Supplies periosteum and outer portion of compact bone
36
Metaphyseal arteries
supplies red bone marrow
37
Which bone contains sensory nerves for pain
Periosteum rich in nerves
38
Define osstification
when the bone is formed
39
Define Osteogenesis
making of the bone
40
whats the difference between intramembranous & endochondral ossification
``` IM = within the membrane / Flat bones of skull n mandible EC = within the cartilidge / Long bones of the body ```
41
Process of interstitial growth? | 4 identiy zones within the epyphyseal plates
Resting C - anchor epiphyseal plate to eiphyseal Prolifering C to replace dead cells at diphyseal side hypertrophic C - maturing chondrocytes, Calcified C - Dead chondrocytes Osteo clasts n blastss
42
what is appositional growth
Growth at outter surface
43
bone remodeling, resorption, deposition
replace Old bone tissue by new tissue remove old minerals collagen through CLASTS add new minerals collagen through blasts
44
function of osteo clasts and osteo blasts in process of resorption
osteo clasts attach to endoosteum n periosteum | osteo blasts replace the bones
45
formation of bone spurs
to much mineral deposit , calcium tissue, imbalance of OC and OB
46
3 factors that effect bone metabolism
Minerals, vitamins hormones
47
role of minerals in remodeling
Calcium n phosperus
48
role of vitamins in remodling
Vit A = BlAsts Vit C = Collagen Vit D = ^ absorption calcium Vit K = synthsize bone protein
49
fracture types in location type and patterns
Open/Closed -Broken bone in skin humerous fracture Comminated - Bone is crushed into pieces GreenStick - 1 side of bone is broken (ulnaRadois) Impacted - One end of the bone is driven into the other Potts n Colles - Potts= Fibula Colls = Radius fracture
50
Articulation Kinesiology arthology
A - Point of contact between 2 bones, Bone & Cartilidge, Bone & Teeth Ar
51
Cartilagionous 2
Synchrondroses - Hyaline cartilidge , synarthorises, Epiphyseal plate in bones . between 1st rib n manubrim Symphyses- Hyaline artilidge, broad flat disc
52
Articulation Kinesiology arthology
A - Point of contact between 2 bones, Bone & Cartilidge, Bone & Teeth Arthogy - study of joints kine - study of human motion
53
Distinguish characteriscs
All synovial joints are function as diarthorsis
54
Synovial 6
Planar joint - Biaxial flat curved - intercarpaltarsal Hinge joint - monaxial convexconcave knee elbow Pivot Joint - monaxial AA, Ulnaradial Condyloid joint - biaxial wrist joint SAddle - Triaxial thumb Ball and socket joints triaxial 0 shoulder n hip
55
hiltons law
nerves that supply joint also supply muscles moving the joint or skin covering attachments
56
4 Synovial movements
Gliding Angular movements - flexion ext. ab. add. Rotation - aa shoulder hip Special movements
57
6 factors of influence
``` Structure and shape tension of joint ligaments arrangement tension of muscles contact of soft parts hormones Diuse ```
58
3 Types of Muscle tissue
Skeletal Tissue - Striated - Peripherally - voluntary control Cardiac Tissue - Striated - Centrally local - involuntary Muscle Tissue - nonstriated - centrally - involuntary
59
3 Types of Muscle tissue
Skeletal Tissue - Striated - Peripherally - voluntary control Cardiac Tissue - Striated - Centrally local - involuntary Muscle Tissue - nonstriated - centrally - involuntary
60
4 functions of muscle tissue
Body movements stabalize body position storing and movement substances generating heat
61
4 Properties muscle tissue
Electrical Excitability Contractility Extensibility Elacticity
62
Describe Fascia
Dense sheet of irregular CT Lines body of walls n limbs Fills spaces between muscles Carries nerves and vessels
63
Muscle cell vs muscle fibre
2 terms for the same structure
64
components of CT in skeletal muscle
Epimysium - Outer most layer DICT Perimysium - groups of 100 fasicles DICT endomysium - then sheath of Areolar CT
65
Neural and vascular supply to skeletal muscle
1 artery with 1-2 veins | Somatic Motor Neurons stimulate +
66
microscopic anatomy of a muscle fibre
Small mesodermal cells - myoblasts
67
What is hypertrophy
enlargement of muscle fibers
68
dfine hyper plascia
increase in number of muscle fibers
69
what is the function of satalite cells
Few myoblast exist in mature skeletal muscle as satellite cells
70
Function of sarcolemma
Plasma membrane of muscle cell
71
Function of Transverse tubules
multiple sarcolemma. | Action Potential travel through t tubles spreading throughout muscle fiber.
72
Function of sarcoplasm
Within the sarcolemme , the cytoplasm of muscle fiber contains myoglobin. mitochondria. Releases oxygen when needed for ATP production
73
Function of myofibrils
elongated contractile threads in the muscle fiber
74
Function of Sarcoplasmic reticulim
Fluid filled system of membraneous sacs that encircle each myofibril In the relaxed state – SR stores Ca
75
Function of Terminal cisterns
Dilated ends of the SR – butt against the T tubules on either side (triad) terminal cisterns release Ca which triggers contraction
76
Action of calcium in the muscle cell
store calicum ions in the SR
77
``` Function of Z Disc M - Line thick n filaments A n I Bands H zone ```
Z disc Narrow plate-shaped regions of dense protein that separates one sacromere from the next A band Darker, middle region of sacromere that extends the entire length of the thick filaments I band lighter, less dense that contains the rest of the thin filaments by NO thick filaments H zone Narrow zone that contains only thick filaments and no thin filament M line Supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together at the center form the M line
78
3 Types of protein in Myofibrils
CRS. Contractile - Generate force in muscle contraction Regulatory - Switches contraction process on and off Strutural - Maintain proper alignment thick and thin filaments provides elasticiy
79
4 steps of contraction cycle
ATP hydrolosis

ANATOMY (5 decks)

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