AP 4 Nov Lecture 27 Dictation

Question 1

What physiological concepts must be understood to study the kidneys?

Answer 1

Osmosis, fluid shifts, ion shifts, transporters.

Question 2

What is the primary role of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 2

Transporting nutrients to tissues and waste products away from tissues.

Question 3

How does the endocrine system interact with the cardiovascular system?

Answer 3

It puts hormones into the cardiovascular system for delivery to target areas.

Question 4

Define ‘Volume’ in the context of this course.

Answer 4

Volume refers to measures like liters, milliliters, or microliters.

Question 5

What units are used to express ‘Velocity’?

Answer 5

Meters per second or kilometers per hour.

Question 6

What does ‘Pressure’ represent in the cardiovascular system?

Answer 6

Pressure is a force typically measured in millimeters of mercury.

Question 7

Differentiate between cross-sectional area and surface area.

Answer 7

Cross-sectional area is the area within the center of a tube; surface area refers to the walls of the cylinder.

Question 8

How is ‘Blood Flow’ calculated?

Answer 8

Blood flow is volume divided by time, e.g., mLs/minute or L/minute.

Question 9

What is the most important factor determining blood flow?

Answer 9

Vascular resistance.

Question 10

What happens to pressure measurements upstream and downstream of a choke point?

Answer 10

Upstream, pressure is high; downstream, pressure is lower.

Question 11

Define ‘Vascular Conductance’.

Answer 11

It is how easy it is to drive blood flow through a blood vessel.

Question 12

What does Poiseuille’s Law help explain?

Answer 12

It helps understand vascular resistance and pressures.

Question 13

Where is the majority of blood stored in the body?

Answer 13

In systemic veins.

Question 14

What role do kidneys play in fluid regulation?

Answer 14

Kidneys control body fluid levels tied to blood volume.

Question 15

What occurs if the kidneys conserve more fluid?

Answer 15

Blood volume increases.

Question 16

What type of arrangement increases resistance in blood vessels?

Answer 16

Series arrangement.

Question 17

What type of arrangement decreases resistance in blood vessels?

Answer 17

Parallel arrangement.

Question 18

What happens to blood pressure as it moves away from the heart?

Answer 18

Blood pressure tends to decrease.

Question 19

What is the total cross-sectional area in the circulatory system like?

Answer 19

It increases significantly in small arteries and capillaries.

Question 20

What happens to blood flow velocity as total cross-sectional area increases?

Answer 20

Blood flow velocity decreases.

Question 21

Which vessels are considered resistance vessels?

Answer 21

Small arteries and arterioles.

Question 22

How do veins compare to arteries in terms of resistance?

Answer 22

Veins have low resistance due to their thin walls and compliance.

Question 23

What determines blood pressure in the systemic circulation?

Answer 23

The resistance vessels, specifically small arteries and arterioles

These vessels play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure.

Question 24

What is the typical pressure in the end of the capillaries to the right atrium (Excluding the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries?

Answer 24

About 10 millimeters of mercury

This is a very small pressure gradient, indicating low resistance in veins.

Question 25

How does the kidney manage blood flow?

Answer 25

By adjusting its vascular resistance ## Footnote This regulation helps maintain appropriate blood flow and pressure.

Question 26

Why is pressure necessary in the circulatory system?

Answer 26

To drive blood flow ## Footnote Without pressure, blood cannot move through the vessels.

Question 27

What type of flow is considered efficient in blood vessels?

Answer 27

Laminar flow ## Footnote This type of flow is orderly and does not cause turbulence.

Question 28

What is turbulence in blood flow?

Answer 28

Disorderly movement of blood that can lead to inefficiencies ## Footnote Turbulent flow can cause damage to blood vessels over time.

Question 29

What can turbulent flow contribute to in blood vessels?

Answer 29

Cholesterol and calcium deposits ## Footnote These deposits can lead to blockages and other vascular issues.

Question 30

What causes turbulent flow?

Answer 30

Narrow openings or blockages in blood vessels ## Footnote These conditions increase the velocity of blood flow, leading to turbulence.

Question 31

What percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

Answer 31

About 20% ## Footnote This translates to approximately one liter per minute.

Question 32

What law can be applied to understand blood flow in the cardiovascular system?

Answer 32

Ohm's law ## Footnote It can be rewritten to relate pressure, blood flow, and vascular resistance.

Question 33

What is the relationship between blood vessel diameter and flow?

Answer 33

A small change in diameter can result in a large change in flow ## Footnote This is significant in maintaining proper blood circulation.

Question 34

How is vascular resistance calculated?

Answer 34

Vascular resistance = Delta P / Blood flow ## Footnote Delta P is the pressure difference across the vessel.

Question 35

What is the formula for vascular conductance?

Answer 35

Conductance = 1 / Resistance ## Footnote Higher resistance leads to lower conductance, and vice versa.

Question 36

What are Starling forces?

Answer 36

Forces determining fluid movement across capillary walls ## Footnote These forces are crucial for filtration and reabsorption in the kidney.

Question 37

What are Starling forces?

Answer 37

Forces that determine fluid movement between capillaries and surrounding tissues ## Footnote Starling forces include hydrostatic and osmotic pressures that influence filtration and reabsorption in capillaries.

Question 38

What is the significance of Starling forces in the kidneys?

Answer 38

They regulate the filtration and reabsorption processes ## Footnote Understanding Starling forces is crucial for comprehending how kidneys filter blood and reabsorb substances.

Question 39

What is the blood pressure at the beginning of a systemic capillary?

Answer 39

Approximately 30 mmHg ## Footnote This pressure is essential for driving fluid flow through the capillary.

Question 40

What is the blood pressure at the end of a capillary?

Answer 40

Typically about 10 mmHg ## Footnote The difference in pressure between the beginning and end of the capillary drives fluid movement.

Question 41

What is the delta p that drives flow through a capillary?

Answer 41

About 20 mmHg ## Footnote This is calculated from the difference between the blood pressure at the beginning and end of the capillary.

Question 42

Fill in the blank: The capillary hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end is _______.

Answer 42

30 mmHg

Question 43

Fill in the blank: The capillary hydrostatic pressure at the venous end is _______.

Answer 43

10 mmHg

Question 44

What do the Starling forces influence in terms of fluid movement?

Answer 44

They can either pull fluid into or push fluid out of the capillary ## Footnote This dynamic is essential for maintaining fluid balance in tissues.

Question 45

True or False: The Starling forces are only responsible for fluid movement out of the capillary.

Answer 45

False ## Footnote Starling forces can both promote filtration (fluid out) and reabsorption (fluid in).

Question 46

What is the primary focus of the next discussion mentioned in the text?

Answer 46

The four Starling forces ## Footnote Understanding these forces is critical for the context of kidney function.

Question 47

Where can one find detailed information about Starling forces in relation to capillaries?

Answer 47

In chapter 16 of Guyton, specifically pages 197 and 199 ## Footnote These pages provide charts and explanations of typical values for Starling forces.