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AP and homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

definition of anatomy

A

structure of the human body

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2
Q

definition of physiology

A

study of functions and activities of the human body

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3
Q

definition of matter

A

anything that occupies space and has a mass, matter exists as solid, liquid or gas

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4
Q

what are atoms

A

chemical substance that can not be broken down.

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5
Q

structure of an atom

A

nucleus is in the middle holding neutrons and protons and electrons orbit around it within electron shells.

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6
Q

do atoms like to have a full electron shell

A

yes, which is why they bond with other atoms (chemical reaction)

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7
Q

protons

A

positively charged

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8
Q

neutrons

A

no electrical charge

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9
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged particles

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10
Q

what is a molecule

A

2 or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

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11
Q

what is a compound

A

when 2 or more atoms in a molecule are of different elements

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12
Q

what are ions

A

charged particles that form when atoms gain or lose electrons

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13
Q

what is a cation ion

A

positively charged ion due to loss of electrons

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14
Q

what is a anion ion

A

negatively charged ion due to gaining electrons

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15
Q

what are the major elements in the body

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

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16
Q

what is an anabolic reaction

A

when bonds are formed to synthesise a bigger molecule- absorbs energy

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17
Q

what is a catabolic reaction

A

when bonds are broken between molecules- releases energy

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18
Q

what is a rearrangement reaction

A

bonds rearrange- no net charge of energy

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19
Q

what is a covalent bond

A

atoms share reactions- can be even (non polar) or uneven (polar) depending on the distribution of charge among the atoms involved

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20
Q

what is an ionic bond

A

atoms give/ take electrons between each other. oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other and ‘stick together’

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21
Q

major chemicals in the body

A

water, electrolytes, acids and bases, carbohydrates, lipids, protein- amino acids

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22
Q

what is ATP

A

cellular energy, how cells do their work

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23
Q

what are cells

A

the smallest living structural and functional units, composed of many molecules and compounds

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24
Q

what are tissues

A

groups of similar cells that work together to perform common functions

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25
what are organs
structures composed of at least 2 types of tissues, which perform a unique set of functions
26
what is the anatomical position
standing upright, palms facing forward, arms down at the side and feet together facing forward
27
what anatomical terminology is used when talking about 2 points on the same limb
proximal and distal
28
proximal
closer to where the limb attaches
29
distal
further away from where the limb attaches
30
medial
closer to the midline of the body
31
lateral
further away from the midline of the body
32
left and right
based on the persons anatomical position not your left and right
33
anterior/ ventral
towards the front of the body
34
posterior/ dorsal
back of the body
35
superior
above or towards the head
36
inferior
below or towards the feet
37
superficial
closer to the surface of the body
38
deep
further from the surface of the body
39
sagittal plane
lengthwise cut- body is in left and right portions
40
mid- sagittal plane
cut is through the midline
41
para- sagittal plane
if cut is not through the midline but still goes down the body
42
frontal/ coronal plane
sideways cut, divides body to anterior ad posterior portions
43
transverse plane
horizontal cut, divides body into superior and inferior portions
44
oblique plane
cuts body at any diagonal angle
45
body cavity functions
protect delicate organs and allow internal organs to change shape or size
46
cranial cavity
formed by the skull and contains the brain
47
spinal cavity
formed where the vertebrae contains the spinal cord
48
thoracic cavity
has left and right lung (pleural) cavities and a heart (pericardial) cavity
49
abdominopelvic cavity
holds the abdominal cavity (stomach, liver, kidneys, small intestines and large intestines) and pelvic cavity (bladder and reproductive organs)
50
what is homeostasis
the ability of the body to maintain its core body temperature
51
what is a variable
the thing in the body subject to change e.g. body temp
52
set point range
the range of values that a variable should be kept within
53
what is a stimulus
anything that can change the variable e.g. hot weather
54
sensors
detect the actual value of the variable, where the variable is currently at and sends that to the control centre
55
effectors
they affect the value of the variable and brings it back to the set point range
56
control center
compare the range of the variable compared to where is should be and sends signals to the effectors
57
signals
hormones or nerves
58
negative feedback loop
when the effectors work to bring the variable back to its set point range
59
positive feedback loop
when the effectors work to push a variable further from its set point range
60
explain a negative feedback loop
a stimulus makes the variable leaves its set point range which is then detected by sensors which sends a message to the control centre in the hypothalamus which compares the variables set point range to the normal and then sends signals to the effectors which work to bring the variable back to within its set point range
61
what do body cavities do
protect delicate organs, allow internal organs to change shape and size
62
two main body cavities
dorsal and ventral
63
how to know if a chemical is organic or inorganic
organic cells contain carbon
64
organic compounds
lipids, carbohydrates, protiens, ATP, nucleic acids
65
inorganic compounds
acids, bases, water, salts/ electrolytes
66
an organic compound that has C, H, and O and which can be broken down into glycerol and fatty acids is
triglyceride
67
what substance dissociates in water to form H+
an acid
68
what are the three main components of any homeostatic feedback loop
effectors, control centre and sensors
69
what factors influence the reactions of particles
the amount of concentration, the amount of particles, the temperature, catalysts, breaking up clumps so they are individual particles.

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