ap bio test 2 review sheet

Question 1

indirect and direct observations are made

Answer 1

observation

Question 2

hypothesis, a possible, testable explanation for some observed phenomenon.

Answer 2

initial question

Question 3

An experiment is conducted incorporating experimental subjects, control subjects, and an independent, dependent, and controlled variable.

Answer 3

experimentation

Question 4

Facts, data, measurement.

Answer 4

results

Question 5

Explain why you got the results you did. Suggest future tests and how to progress with this information.

Answer 5

discussion/conclusion

Question 6

made from reading others research

Answer 6

indirect observation

Question 7

ones that you make yourself.

Answer 7

direct observation

Question 8

Anything you assert is subject to challenge and may need to be revised. The results of any experiment on any hypothesis must be reproducible. All hypotheses must be falsifiable.

Answer 8

key principles associated with a hypothesis

Question 9

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function for all living organisms. All cells are produced from other cells.

Answer 9

cell theory

Question 10

what are the 3 main components of a cell?

Answer 10

A boundary (plasma membrane), a cell body, and a set of genes.

Question 11

a “fluid” phospholipid bilayer. It is dynamic and made up of different molecules, like phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. It regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell and helps communicate with adjacent cells.

Answer 11

plasma membrane

Question 12

most common molecules in the plasma membrane

Answer 12

phospholipids

Question 13

found in organelles, contains organelles, which are specialized structures that aid in cellular growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Answer 13

cytoplasm

Question 14

not found in organelles. accounts for ~55% of total cell volume. The composition of cytosol is 75%-90% water.

Answer 14

cytosol

Question 15

are mostly hydrophobic and associate with lipid tails. They provide rigidity and structure to the plasma membrane.

Answer 15

cholesterol

Question 16

transverse the plasma membrane, may serve as a channel to transport certain hydrophobic molecules

Answer 16

integral proteins

Question 17

found on the outside or inside regions of the membrane. may ferry certain molecules across the membrane.

Answer 17

peripheral proteins

Question 18

bind to a specific molecule (ligand), and some are enzymes.

Answer 18

receptor proteins

Question 19

Phospholipids may move laterally or flip across their longitudal axis. Proteins may move laterally or through the membrane.

Answer 19

plasma membrane

Question 20

what are the 5 factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 20

by size of the concentration gradient, size of the molecules involved (small molecules move faster), temperature of the system (hotter = faster), size of the diffusion membrane (surface area), and the distance molecules must cover to reach the membrane (the closer the molecules are to the membrane, the faster they diffuse).

Question 21

uses ATP to change the shape of the transporter protein

Answer 21

primary active transport

Question 22

molecules are brought across the membrane when coupled with a molecule that is diffusing across the membrane due to an established concentration gradient.

Answer 22

secondary active transport

Question 23

where materials move into the cell in a vesicle.

Answer 23

endocytosis

Question 24

occurs when membrane receptors bind to specific molecules to bring into the cell.

Answer 24

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 25

where the cell brings in large particles

Answer 25

phagocytosis

Question 26

where the cell brings in dissolved solutes

Answer 26

pinocytosis

Question 27

involves secretory vesicles, releasing contents outside of the cell.

Answer 27

exocytosis

Question 28

extensions of the plasma membrane that are found on the surface of absorptive cells. They increase the cell’s surface area.

Answer 28

microvilli

Question 29

contain integral protein molecules in the plasma membranes. The proteins help adjacent membranes and help prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space.

Answer 29

tight junctions

Question 30

button-like plaques on the plasma membrane. Protein filaments extend from the plagues and lace together the 2 membranes.

Answer 30

demosomes

Question 31

a communicating junction between adjacent cells. There are different types that are responsible for the movement of different molecules and ions. They are present in heart muscle and smooth muscle.

Answer 31

gap junctions

Question 32

a network of different protein filaments that extend out into cytosol. It provides a structural framework of a cell and is composed of 3 types of protein filaments.

Answer 32

cytoskeleton

Question 33

composed of the protein actin. They are involved in muscle contraction, cell division, cell movement, and mechanical support for microvilli.

Answer 33

microfilaments

Question 34

microfilaments, intermidiate filaments, and microtubules

Answer 34

3 major protein filaments

Question 35

give strength to proteins, help anchor organelles, and support the cell.

Answer 35

intermediate filaments

Question 36

large, unbranched, hollow tubes that help determine cell shape. They aid in intracellular transport and the movement of cilia and flagella.

Answer 36

microtubules

Question 37

DNA is transcripted into RNA, which is translated into polypeptides

Answer 37

central dogma of biology

Question 38

Some tissues wear away faster than others, and therefor they need to be replenished more than others. These cells will have a faster rate of cellular reproduction than cells that do not need to be replenished as often.

Answer 38

rate of cellular reproduction

Question 39

why do cells divide?

Answer 39

Cells divide to provide a more favorable surface area to volume relationship. Growth factors and hormones stimulate cell division.

Question 40

why would cells stop dividing?

Answer 40

Contact inhibition, which tells the cell to stop dividing, and tumors.

Question 41

can divide to form two new stem cells, “self-revival”, or they can divide to form a stem cell and a progenitor cell.

Answer 41

stem cells

Question 42

committed cells. They can divide to become any of a restricted number of cells.

Answer 42

progenitor cells

Question 43

main task of cell reproduction

Answer 43

replicate the dna

Question 44

what are the 3 tasks accomplished in cell reproduction?

Answer 44

replication and division of organelles and cytoplasm, the equal distribution of DNA to 2 daughter cells, and the establishment of 2 daughter cells.

Question 45

a pair of chromosomes where each member of the partnership comes from one of the 2 parents of this organism. These chromosomes should not be identical to one another, just as one’s parents should not be identical to one another.

Answer 45

homologous chromosomes

Question 46

the 2 identical parts of the chromatids formed during DNA replication.

Answer 46

sister chromatids

Question 47

DNA replicates, chromatin does not condense, and nothing is dividing.

Answer 47

interphase

Question 48

cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, are duplicated.

Answer 48

g1 phase

Question 49

each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell.

Answer 49

s phase

Question 50

the cell “double checks’ the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs.

Answer 50

g2 phase

Question 51

major goal of mitosis

Answer 51

to distribute a copy of each chromatid into each daughter cell.

Question 52

Duplicated chromosomes are visible. Centrosomes begin moving apart, the nuclear envelope is fragmenting, and the nucleolus will disappear.

Answer 52

prophase

Question 53

chromosomes (each consisting of two sister chromatids) are at the metaphase plate (center of fully formed spindle).

Answer 53

metaphase

Question 54

daughter chromosomes (each are consisting of one chromatid) are moving toward the poles of the spindle.

Answer 54

anaphase

Question 55

daughter cells are forming as nuclear envelopes and nucleoli appear. Chromosomes will become indistinct chromatin.

Answer 55

telophase

Question 56

prevents uncontrolled cellular divisions. It is regulated by environmental conditions. Contact inhibition occurs when the borders of cells touch, and division stops.

Answer 56

growth control

Question 57

stimulate cell division, and proteins may bind to these to affect their effectiveness. Some proteins can regulate the expression of genes in RNA, and some can suppress tumors.

Answer 57

growth factors

Question 58

how do cells know when to divide?

Answer 58

Cells must double their mass and must proceed beyond the “start” of G1 phase.

Question 59

Duplication and packaging of DNA, duplication of centrosomes and operation of miotic spindle fibers, and cytokines, which depend on the proteins for a contractile ring or cell plate.

Answer 59

3 cycles that trigger the phases of mitosis

Question 60

water potential calculation

Answer 60

Water potential = pressure potential + solute potential.

Question 61

looks at how water moves from one compartment to the next. Water potential is affected by relative solute concentrations. If a given solute dissociates in water, this affects how many particles are acting as solutes in a solution, increasing the amount. The water moves from an area of lower concentration of solutes to an area with a higher concentration of solutes. How water moves is dependent upon the pressure exerted by the aqueous solution and solute concentration. The values of water potential inside and outside of the cell help to determine which way the water will move.

Answer 61

water potential

Question 62

solute potential equation

Answer 62

-iCRT

Question 63

the i stands for this, which depends upon the number of particles present for a given substances dissolved in water.

Answer 63

ionization constant

Question 64

C stands for this of the solution

Answer 64

molar concentration

Question 65

R stands for this

Answer 65

pressure constant

Question 66

what is the pressure constant?

Answer 66

.0831 liter bars/mol-K

Question 67

T stands for this

Answer 67

temperature in degrees Kelvin.