AP Bio Unit 3 Quiz

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

all of the chemical reactions in an organism

Question 2

Metabolic pathways

Answer 2

series of chemical reactions that either build complex molecules or break down complex molecules

Question 3

What are the two types of metabolic pathways?

Answer 3

Catabolic and anabolic

Question 4

Catabolic pathway

Answer 4

pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

Question 5

Anabolic pathways

Answer 5

pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds

Question 6

Energy

Answer 6

the ability to do work

Question 7

kinetic energy

Answer 7

energy associated with motion

Question 8

thermal energy

Answer 8

energy associated with movement of atoms or molecules

Question 9

potential energy

Answer 9

stored energy

Question 10

chemical energy

Answer 10

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

Question 11

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 11

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, energy can be transferred and transformed

Question 12

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 12

Energy transformation increase the entropy of the universe

Question 13

Free Energy

Answer 13

Concept used by scientists to determine the likelihood of reactions in organisms, or if the reactions are energetically favorable.

Question 14

Exergonic Reaction

Answer 14

reactions that release energy, spontaneous, ΔG＜0, cellular respiration

Question 15

Endergonic Reaction

Answer 15

reactions that absorb energy, reaction is not spontaneous, ΔG＞0, photosynthesis

Question 16

what 3 kinds of work do cells perform?

Answer 16

mechanical, transport, chemical

Question 17

What is mechanical work?

Answer 17

movement (i.e. beating cilia, movement
of chromosomes, contraction of muscle cells)

Question 18

What is transport work?

Answer 18

pumping substances across membranes
against spontaneous movement

Question 19

What is chemical work?

Answer 19

synthesis of molecules (ie building
polymers from monomers)

Question 20

Adenosine Triphosphate

Answer 20

molecule that organisms
use as a source of energy to perform work

Question 21

What does ATP do?

Answer 21

ATP couples exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions to power cellular work. Organisms obtain energy by breaking the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate in a hydrolysis reaction. ATP → ADP

Question 22

What is phosphorlation?

Answer 22

the released phosphate moves
to another molecule to give energy

Question 23

Can ATP be regenerated?

Answer 23

ADP can be regenerated to ATP via the ATP
cycle

Question 24

How does cells increase the rate of metabolic reactions?

Answer 24

enzymes

Question 25

What are enzymes?

Answer 25

macromolecules that catalyze (speed up) reactions by lowering the activation energy

Question 26

Induced Fit

Answer 26

enzymes will change the shape of their active site to allow the substrate to bind better

Question 27

enzyme catabolism vs enzyme anabolism

Answer 27

enzyme catabolism helps break down complex molecules and enzyme anabolism helps build complex molecules

Question 28

What factors are enzymes effected by?

Answer 28

Temperature, pH, chemicals

Question 29

Enzyme cofactors

Answer 29

non protein molecules that assist enzyme function, inorganic cofactors consist of metals, can be bound loosely or tightly

Question 30

Holoenzyme

Answer 30

enzyme with cofactor attached to it

Question 31

coenzyme

Answer 31

organic cofactors (ie vitamins)

Question 32

enzyme inhibitors

Answer 32

reduce the activity of specific enzymes, inhibition can be permanent or irreversible

Question 33

permanent inhibitation

Answer 33

inhibitor binds with covalent bonds (ie toxins and poison)

Question 34

reversible inhabitation

Answer 34

inhibitor binds with weak interactions

Question 35

competitive inhibitors

Answer 35

reduce enzyme activity by blocking substrates from binding to the active site, can be reversed with increased substrate concentrations

Question 36

allosteric regulation

Answer 36

molecules bind (noncovalent interactions) to an allosteric site which changes the shape and function of the active site

Question 37

allosteric activator

Answer 37

substrate binds to allosteric site and stabilizes the shape of the enzyme so that the active sites remain open

Question 38

allosteric inhibitor

Answer 38

substrate binds to allosteric site and stabilizes the enzyme shape so that the active sites are closed (inactive form)

Question 39

Cooperativety

Answer 39

substrate binds to one active site (on an enzyme with more than one active site) which stabilizes the active form