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AP Biology Question 18 > AP Biology Q 18 > Flashcards

AP Biology Q 18 Flashcards

To learn key concepts in order to score a guaranteed 5 on the AP test. (60 cards)

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1
Q

Conjugation in Bactera

A

Process where two bacterial cells come together and form a temporary fusion to transfer genetic material via the plasmid from donor cell to recipient cell

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2
Q

Transduction

A

The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages (viruses) from an infected bacterium to another bacterium

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3
Q

Operon (inducible & repressible)

A

Inducible: arrival of lactose in the cell turns the operator switch “on” which allows transcription to occur
Repressible: have operators that are always on (transcription occurring) unless a signal (too much trp) turns them off

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4
Q

Transformation

A

Genetic material in a cell is altered because a foreign DNA is incorporated into its chromosomal DNA

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5
Q

Plasmid

A

Linear or circular double stranded DNA that is able to replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA

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6
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction: biochemical technology used to increase a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA, generating thousands of millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence

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7
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge

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8
Q

DNA Ligase

A

enzyme that joins DNA fragments together on the lagging strand

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9
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

The enzyme that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides (building blocks of DNA) during replication

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10
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

replicated DNA fragments on the lagging strand that goes from 3’ to 5’

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11
Q

Leading vs. Lagging Strand

A

Leading: DNA strand made in the 5’ to 3’ direction by continuous polymerization at the 3’ end
Lagging: DNA strand that is replicated in the 3’ to 5’ direction

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12
Q

Topoisomerase

A

enzyme that alters the supercoiled form of a DNA molecule

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13
Q

Primer

A

strand of nucleic acid that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis

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14
Q

Replication Fork

A

“Y” shaped region in a chromosome that serves as the growing site for DNA replication

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15
Q

Helicase

A

enzyme that unwinds DNA during replication

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16
Q

Convergent Evoluion

A

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

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17
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time

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18
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

inhibition of an enzyme’s ability to catalyze a chemical reaction via a non-reactant molecule that competes with the substrate(s) for access to the active site.

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19
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibition

A

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.

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20
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells

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21
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

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22
Q

Kreb’s Cycle

A

A cyclic series of reactions, occurring in the matrix of mitochondria, in which the acetyl groups from the pyruvic acids produced by glycolysis are broken down to CO2, accompanied by the formulation of ATP and electron carriers; also called citric acid cycle.

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23
Q

Calvin’s Cycle

A

A series of reactions in the chloroplast, Where carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose with the aid of ATP and NADPH. It forms a 3 carbon sugar pyruvate.

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24
Q

Evidence for Evolution

A

Paleontology, Biogeography, Embryology, Comparative analogy (homologous strucutres, analogous structures), Molecular Biology

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25
Law of segregation
Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete
26
Law of Independent Assortment
Each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random
27
Hardy-Weinberg Conditions
Non evolving or adapting population, no genetic drift due to large population size, no gene flow, no mutation and random mating.
28
Logistic growth equation
dN/dt = rN ((k - N)/K)
29
Facilitated diffusion
Another type of passive transport, used for molecules that cannot readily diffuse through cell membranes.
30
Meiosis
A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells
31
Restriction Enzymes
Protect the bacterial cell by cutting up foreign DNA from other organisms or phages; each enzyme is very specific, recognizing a particular short DNA sequence, or restriction site, and cutting both DNA strands at precise points within this restriction site.
32
Coevolution
The joint evolution of two interacting species, each in response imposed by the other.
33
Hydrolysis
A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers and monomers.
34
Fixed Action Pattern
In animal behavior, a sequence of unlearned acts that is essentially unchangable and, once initiated, usually carried to completion.
35
Adhesion
The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds.
36
Aquaporins
A channel protein in the plasma membrane of a plant, animal, or micoorganism cell that specifically facilitates osmosis, the diffusion of free water across the membrane.
37
Amphipathic
Having both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region.
38
Addition Rule
A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities.
39
Coenzyme
An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions.
40
Cofactor
Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site of many bind loosely and reversibly, along with the substrate, during catalysis.
41
Gradualism
Species produced by slow evolution of intermediate species.
42
Capsid
The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex in shape.
43
Lytic Cycle
A type of phage replicative cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis ( and death) of the host cell.
44
Lysogenic Cycle
A type of phage replicative cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage, is replicated along with the chromosome, and does not likk the host.
45
Euchromatin
The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription.
46
Cell-mediated response
Immune response using T cells (killer T, helper T, T memory, T suppressor). Activated by macrophages that activate differentiation of T cells.
47
Humoral response
Immune response of B cells. Plasma cells make antibodies that attach to antigen. B memory cells remember how to make antibodies
48
Contractile vacuoles
Prevents cells from bursting in hypotonic environments by transporting water out of the cell by pores in the cytoplasm or exocytosis.
49
Ultimate vs. proximate cause
Ultimate cause is the evolutionary reason for a behavior (why it is evolutionarily advantageous). Proximate cause is the immediate reason for a behavior.
50
Innate behavior
Behavior that is developmentally fixed (will not change based on individual differences, experiences, environments, etc.)
51
Types of selection
Stabilizing selection (selection for an intermediate trait), disruptive selection (selection for two extremes), directional selection (selection for one extreme)
52
Homologous structures
Structures that have the same/similar structure but may have different functions (e.g. human arm and bat wing)
53
Analogous structures
Structures that look similar and have the same function but do not have the same structure nor common ancestry (e.g. shark tail and dolphin tail)
54
Vestigial structures
Remnants of features that had important functions in the organism's ancestors (e.g. vestiges of leg bones in snakes)
55
Codominance
Phenotype of both alleles in a heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate ways (e.g. blood type AB has both antigen A and antigen B)
56
Incomplete dominance
Phenotype of heterozygote is intermediate between those of those of homozygous individuals (e.g. true-breeding red snapdragon + true-breeding white = pink snapdragon)
57
Induced fit model
For an enzyme. When substrate enters the active site, the site changes so that it binds better to the substrate.
58
Inflammatory response
Innate immune response to injury or infection, promoting swelling, enhancing infiltration of leukocytes, destroying pathogens, etc.
59
Horizontal gene transfer
Transfer of genes from one genome to another through a mechanism (such as plasmid exchange, viral activity, or fusion of the organisms)
60
Hormone
Chemical formed in specialized cells that travel in body fluids and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body, changing the target cells' functioning

AP Biology Question 18 (1 decks)

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