AP Chem Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the scientific method

A

the process of studying natural phenomena, involving observations, forming laws and theories, and testing of theories during experimentation

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2
Q

what are the three main steps in the scientific method

A
  1. making observations
  2. formulating hypotheses
  3. performing experiments
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3
Q

what is a theory

A

a set of tested hypotheses that gives an overall explanation of some natural phenomenon

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4
Q

what is the difference between an observation and a theory

A

an observation is something that is witnessed and can be recorded. a theory is an interpretation, a possible explanation of why nature behaves a certain way

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5
Q

what is a natural law

A

a statement that expresses generally observed behavior

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6
Q

what is the difference between a theory and a law

A

a law summarizes what happens, a theory attempts to explain why it happens

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7
Q

what is the SI system

A

international system of units based on the metric system and units derived from the metric system

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8
Q

what is the difference between mass and weight

A

mass is a measure of the resistance of an object to a change in its state of motion
weight is a measure of the force that gravity exerts on an object

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9
Q

do all measurements have some degree of uncertainty

A

yes

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10
Q

true or false: we customarily report a measurement by recording to the first uncertain digit

A

true

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11
Q

what are sig figs

A

the certain digits and the first uncertain digit of a measurement

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12
Q

what is accuracy

A

the agreement of a particular value with the true value

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13
Q

what is precision

A

the degree of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity

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14
Q

what is a random error

A

a measurement has an equal probability of being high or low

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15
Q

what us a systemic error

A

occurs in the same direction each time; either always high or always low

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16
Q

under what circumstances is high precision among several measurements an indication of accuracy

A

if systemic errors are absent

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17
Q

do you round sequentially?

A

no. the number 6.8347 rounded to 3 sig figs is 6.83, not 6.84

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18
Q

do exact numbers ever limit sig figs

A

no

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19
Q

what is dimensional analysis

A

a method used to convert from one unit to another

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20
Q

what is the equation to find kelvin temperature

A

K = C + 273

21
Q

what is the equation to find fahrenheit temp or celsius temp

A

F = 1.8C + 32

22
Q

what temp is the same for both celsius and fahrenheit

23
Q

what is density

A

mass of a substance per unit volume of that substance

24
Q

what is the equation for density

25
what is the density of water
1 g/cm3
26
does density depend on how much of a substance you have
no, it stays constant no matter how much u have
27
what is matter
anything that takes up space and has mass
28
volume and shape of a solid
both fixed
29
volume and shape of a liquid
definite volume, indefinite shape
30
volume and shape of a gas
neither fixed
31
what are the main characteristics of a mixture
has a variable composition | can be separated into pure substances by physical means
32
what are the two subcategories of mixtures
homogeneous and heterogenous
33
what is a homogeneous mixture
a mixture with visibly indistinguishable parts
34
what is a heterogeneous mixture
a mixture that has visibly distinguishable parts
35
what is another name for a homogeneous mixture
a solution
36
what are the two subcategories of matter
mixtures and pure substances
37
what is a pure substance
has a constant composition
38
what are physical changes
a change in the form of a substance, but not in its chemical composition
39
can physical changes be used to change break pure substances into elements
no
40
what are the 2 subcategories of pure substances
elements and compounds
41
what is an element
a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
42
what is a compound
a pure substance that can be broken down into its component elements by chemical means
43
what is distillation
a method for separating mixtures based on the differences in volatility of the components
44
what does volatile mean
it refers to the ease with which a substance can be changed to its vapor
45
how does distillation work
1. a mixture is heated 2. the most volatile component vaporizes at the lowest temp; then it passes through a cold tube to condense back into a liquid in a separate container
46
what is filtration
a method for separating mixtures made of a solid and a liquid
47
what is chromatography
a method for separating mixtures that works with two phases of matter, a stationary phase (a solid) and a mobile phase (a liquid or a gas)
48
why does chromatography work
bc the components of a mixture have different affinities for the two phases and move through them at different rates
49
what is a chemical change
a change in which a given substance becomes a new substance or substances with different properties and different compositions