AP Cliff Biology I kneed to remember

Question 1

What does Aldosterone do?

Answer 1

Produced by the adrenal cortex

Stimulus reabsorption of NA+

Stimulates secretion of K+

Results in the production of concentrated urine

Question 2

Lacteals Absorb?

Answer 2

Fatty acides

Question 3

Vasopressin is secreted by?

Answer 3

The posterior pituitary

Question 4

Increased levels of cortisol do what?

Answer 4

Formation of glucose from protein and fat

Decrease of glucose utilization from other organs besides

Suspension of the immune system

Increased physiological state of stress

Question 5

What does over production of growth hormone lead to?

Answer 5

Acromegaly

Giantism

Hyperglycemia

Question 6

The bases for pairing two strands of DNA and a double helix is?

Answer 6

Hydrogen bonding

Question 7

What are characteristics of tRNA?

Answer 7

It has some short double-stranded segments linked by base paring, with different loops of 7, and 8, and an anticodon loop.

it assists in the translation of mRNA nucleotide code into a sequence of amino acids.

One end is the Anti codon loop, which binds to a ribosome matching which has ahold of mRNA strand with a matching codon coding for the corresponding AA.

Question 8

T or F, Bacteria have a Nucleus.

Answer 8

F

Question 9

What is derived from Ecdoderm “Attract-o-derm”

Answer 9

Epidermis, lens of the eye of eye, inner ear, nervous system.

Question 10

What is derived from mesoderm, “means-o-derm (means to move around)”

Answer 10

Musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, gonads, kidneys, excretory system, connective tissue throughout the body, and portions of digestive and respiratory organs

Question 11

What is derived from Endoderm, “Internal-organ-derm”

Answer 11

Epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory tracks, including the lungs, and parts of the liver, Pancreas, thyroid, and bladder lining.

Question 12

What is transformation in bacteria?

Answer 12

Transformation results from the integration of foreign chromosome fragments in the form of a plasmid into the hosts genome

Question 13

What are the digestive enzymes of the pancreas?

Answer 13

• Pancreatic Amylase
• Carboxypeptidase
• Chymotripsin
• Lipase
• Trypsin

Question 14

β-glycosidic linkage can be digested by

Answer 14

specialized organisms, like the bacteria in the guts of termites, can break the bonds in cellulose β-glycosidic linkages

Question 15

Adenine—Base and ring(s) and H bonds With Thymine

Answer 15

a double-ringbase(purine). 2 H bonds

Question 16

Thymine—Base and ring(s) and H bonds With Adenine

Answer 16

a single-ringbase(pyrimidine). 2 H bonds

Question 17

Cytosine—Base and ring(s) and H bonds With Guanine

Answer 17

a single-ringbase(pyrimidine). 3 H bonds

Question 18

Guanine—Base and ring(s) and H bonds With Cytosine

Answer 18

a double-ringbase(purine). 3 H bonds

Question 19

Tetrtiarystructure of proteins

Answer 19

three dimensional shaping and often dominates the structure of globular proteins.

Question 20

disulfide bonds in Tetrtiarystructure

Answer 20

sulfur atom in the amino acid cysteine bonds to the sulfur atom in another cysteine (forming cystine, a kind of “double” amino acid). This disulfide bridge helps maintain turns of the amino acid chain (Figure 2-9).

Question 21

quaternary structure

Answer 21

protein that is assembled from tow or more separate peptide chains

Question 22

T or F An enzyme catalyzes a reaction in both forward and reverse directions

Answer 22

T

Question 23

Enzymes become denatured at above ______degrees

Answer 23

104 Degrees F or 40 C

Question 24

Microtubules

Answer 24

made of the protein tubular and provide support and motility forc cellular activities

Found in Spindle Apparatus, which guides movement of chromosomes during cell devision.

Also Project from plasma membrane to provide motility

Question 25

Intermediate filaments

Answer 25

Provide support for maintaining sell shape

Question 26

Microfilaments

Answer 26

made of actin involved in cell motility Found in muscle cells and in cells that move by changing shape such as phagocytes (WBC)

Question 27

Flagella v. Cilia

Answer 27

Long, and short respectively

Question 28

Centrioles

Answer 28

Microtubule organizing centers. A pair of centrioles (enclosed in a centrosome) located outside the nuclear envelope gives rise to the microtubules that make up the spindle apparatus used during cell division.

Question 29

Gap Junctions

Answer 29

narrow tunnels between animal cells Consist of proteins called connexins Allow ions to pass but not cytoplasm Because the proteins of each cell extend beyond the plasma membranes before they meet, a small gap occurs between the two plasma membranes.

Question 30

Prokaryote difference from Eukaryotes

Answer 30

Generally consist of only a plasma membrane, a DNA molecule, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and often a cell wall. 1. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. 2. The hereditary material in prokaryotes exists as asingle“naked”DNA molecule without the proteins that are associated with the DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes. 3. Prokaryotic ribosomes ares smaller 4. The cell walls of bacteria and cyanobacteria, when present, are constructed frump ptidoglycans, a polysaccharide- protein molecule. The cell walls of archaebacteria contain various polysaccharides, but not peptidoglycans, cellulose (as in plants), or chitin (as in fungi). 5. Flagella when present in prokaryotes, are not constructed of micro tubules.

Question 31

What are Ion channels called in muscle and nerve cells?

Answer 31

Gated Channels

Question 32

The passage of glucose into a cell is by _____.

Answer 32

Carrier Proteins

Question 33

Glycoproteins are _____.

Answer 33

Recognition Proteins.

Question 34

Gram-positive bacteria. In contrast to Gram-negative bacteria

Answer 34

bacteria that retain the crystal violet dye do so because of a thick layer of peptidoglycan and are called Gram-positive bacteria. In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria do not retain the violet dye and are colored red or pink. Compared with Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant against antibodies because of their impenetrable cell wall.

Question 35

What are glyoxysomes?

Answer 35

Peroxisomes In germinating seeds, Break down stored fatty acids to help generate energy for growth.

Question 36

Centrioles and Basal Bodies

Answer 36

Act as microtubule organizing centers. Give rise to microtubules that make up spindle apparatus during cell division Basal bodies are at the base of each flagellum and cilium, and appear to organize their development.

Question 37

Vesicular transport

Answer 37

uses vesicles or other bodies in the cytoplasm to move macromolecules or large particles across the plasma membrane. EG.. Endocytosis (Phago, Pino, Receptor mediated Endocytosis) Endocytosis

Question 38

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 38

A form of pinocytosis The membrane pits, the receptors, and their specific molecules (called ligands)

Question 39

In order to absorb more of the light bandwidth plants have what?

Answer 39

Multiple pigments, green chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and the carotenoids, which are red, orange, or yellow.

Question 40

Noncyclic Photophosphorylation

Answer 40

making ATP from ADP and Pi (phosphorylation) using energy derived from light (photo).

Question 41

2 electrons in Noncyclic Phosphorylation Yield

Answer 41

1.5 ATP left over electrons become incorporated into NADPH

Question 42

2 electrons in cyclic Phosphorylation Yield

Answer 42

1ATP left over electrons return to PS1. Here they can be energized again to participate in cyclic or noncyclic photophosphorylation.

Question 43

The electrons from photosynthesis come from______.

Answer 43

The splitting of water into 2H+, 1/2O2, and 2e-

Question 44

Water splitting in photosynthesis is catalyzed by?

Answer 44

water is split by PS II, with A manganese containing protein complex

Question 45

Calvin cycle must repeat________times ignorer to produce 1 glucose molecule

Answer 45

6 times

Question 46

4 basic steps of Calvin cycle

Answer 46

1. Carboxylation: 6 CO2 combine with 6 RuBP to produce 12 PGA 2. Reduction: 12 ATP and 12 NADPH are used to convert 12 PGA to 12 G3P 3. Regeneration: 6 ATP are used to convert 10 G3P to 6 RuBP 4. Carbohydrate synthesis: 12 G3P were created in step 2, but only 10 were used in step 3, two remaining G3P are used to build glucose

Question 47

in Plants H+ ions (protons) accumulate here.

Answer 47

Thylakoid lumen

Question 48

the fluid material that fills the area inside the inner membrane of the chloroplast, and The Calvin cycle occurs here

Answer 48

Stroma

Question 49

Advantages of C4 photosynthesis

Answer 49

minimizes photorespiration (more efficient CO2 fixers), reduces water loss eg. Sugarcane, corn, and crab grass.

Question 50

A locus refers to _____

Answer 50

location on a chromosome where a gene is located.

Question 51

The law of segregation refers to

Answer 51

Separation of alleles and their chromosomes to individual gametes.

Question 52

law of independent assortment refers to______

Answer 52

Individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together. eg.. one allele of each allele pair migrates to opposite poles and ends up in separate gametes.

Question 53

What is Epistasis?

Answer 53

when one gene affects the phenotypic expression of a second gene. eg.. Pigmentation, CCBB, CCBb, CcBB, and CcBb are all black, and the expressions of CCbb and Ccbb are both brown. However, whenever cc is inherited, no pigment is produced and the fur is white regardless of the color encoded by the B allele.

Question 54

Pleiotropy

Answer 54

single gene has more than one phenotypic expression. Many disease-causing genes exhibit pleiotropy, like Sickle-cell disease

Question 55

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 55

many genes shaping one phenotype is the opposite of pleiotropy (one gene influencing many phenotypes).

Question 56

Linked Genes

Answer 56

Genes that reside on the same chromosome and cannot segregate independently because they are physically connected.

Question 57

Conditions of nondisjunction?

Answer 57

1. During meiosis, the failure for two homologous chromosomes (during anaphase I) or two chromatids of a single chromosome (during anaphase II) to separate and segregate produces gametes with extra or missing chromosomes. 2. During mitosis, the failure of two chromatids of a single chromosome (during anaphase) to separate and segregate produces daughter cells with extra or missing chromosomes. This happens most often during embryonic develop- ment and results in mosaicism, in which a fraction of the body cells, those descendent of a cell where nondis- junction occurs, have an extra or missing chromosome. 3. Polyploidy occurs if all of the chromosomes undergo meiotic nondisjunction and produce gametes with twice the number of chromosomes. If a polyploid gamete is fertilized with a similar gamete, then a polyploidy zygote and individual can form. Polyploidy is common in plants.

Question 58

What is Aneuploidy?

Answer 58

genome with extra or missing chromosomes Down syndrome occurs when an egg or sperm with an extra number 21 chromosome fuses with a normal gamete. ``` Turner Syndrome results when there is nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes. Sperm will have either both sex chromosomes (XY) or no sex chromosomes (O, used to indicate the absence of a chromosome) ```

Question 59

Duplications occurs when ____

Answer 59

Chromosome segment is repeated on the same chromosome

Question 60

Inversions occurs when______

Answer 60

Chromosome segments are rearranged in reverse orientation on the same chromosome.

Question 61

Translocation occurs when____

Answer 61

Segment of a chromosome is moved to another chromosome.