Ap Euro Flashcards

Question

Northern Renaissance

Answer 1

less focused on beauty of the human form and more realistic everyday settings, centered in Flanders and maintained a more religious focus instead of the classics

Answer 2

-power to merchants -printing press-> protestant reformation/wars of religion -new powerful monarchs used new secular and religious reform to consolidate control over nation

Answer 3

-Hundred Years War and War of Roses depleted nobility -Henry VII (Henry Tudor) established increased control (avoid, expensive wars, create justice system, avoid heavy taxation) -star chamber (appeals court, used to hear cases lower courts were scared to hear, used to control unruly nobility, became unfair as the crown punished enemies and gave their friends a free-way out, ended bt Act of Parliament in 1640) -Henry VIII enforced state religion with Anglican church, later enforced by daughter, Elizabeth I

Answer 4

-Aragon under Ferdinand combined with castile under Isabella to begin reunifying SP -wanted a homogenous Catholic base, those who wouldn't convert were expelled -sponsored Christopher Columbus

Answer 5

-1516 -allowed pope to collect all CC income in FR, but Francis 1 increased control over CC leadership by nominating church leader

Answer 6

gave all germanic princes a deadline to convert into catholicism in HRE

Answer 7

in order to prevent war, Charles V signed Peace of Augsburg, giving all princes a choice between Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism in FR (addition to Diet of Augsburg)

Answer 8

-came from more diverse social backgrounds typically compared to Italian counterparts -more devoted to religious reform

Answer 9

-after Hundred Years' War and Great Schism in Church, nobility and clergy/church were in decline and less able to block growing monarchs -kings allied with townsfolk not nobility/clergy, broke feudal society bonds -taxes, wars, laws became national rather than regional -new monarchs: Isabella and Ferdinand and Henry VII -could creating standing national armies, no need for noble support -can raise money by collecting rents from their royal domains and taxed middle/low classes

Answer 10

new executives during N Renaissance, outlooked nation and loyal to state, had higher status than nobility

Answer 11

series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of England and France during the middle ages

Answer 12

payment of penalty where supposedly, it absolves one's past sins and/or released them from purgatory after death

Answer 13

-Jesuits for new converts -cheaper goods -new tech -mercantilism -new colonies/land

Answer 14

-Henry the Navigator -Vasco de Gama and Dias -Pedro Alavares Cabral claimed Brazil, created plantation economy based around sugar

Answer 15

-Isabella and Ferdinand sponsered Columbus -Treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal -Cortes took Aztecs, Pizarro took Incans -Magellan -wealthy, but not for long

Answer 16

largest company in human history, Netherlands, focused on SE Asia and Spice Islands

Answer 17

monopoly contract between Spanish crown and various merchants for the right to provide African slaves to colonies in SP America

Answer 18

-population increase due to new foods -population decline due to disease -creation of joint-stock companies -growing economy -banks -merchant power -agricultural and commercial revolution

Answer 19

-prominent leader in Protestant Reformation -Wrote 95 Theses after Pope Leo X started Jubilee Indulgence to raise money for Michelangelo's dome on St. Peter's basilica -wanted church reformation, spread quickly with printing press

Answer 20

-simony: buying/selling of church appointments -pluralism: holding multiple church offices at once -nepotism: family appointments to church positions -primary scripture: Bible was not sole authority

Answer 21

assembly held by HRE emperor, Charles V, for Luther to recant. He didn't and was excommunicated

Answer 22

faith alone, bible only authority, pastors independent, Mary honored but not holy, simple art/architecture

Answer 23

faith + works, bible pope church tradition, strict church clergy hierarchy, art/architecture to glorify god (baroque)

Answer 24

-Inspired by Erasmus -wanted to assert independence from CC -Swiss reformation -rejection of religious practices not supported by the bible -advocated for authority of scripture

Answer 25

-protested against CC abuses -pushed for predestination (idea that God already knew who would be saved and called them his elect. To prove you were part of the elect, you had to live a religious life and accumulate wealth) -Geneva (city in Switzerland) invited to come in and create a theocratic gov. based on Calvinism

Answer 26

-only adults could make the decision to have faith, rejecting infant baptism -excluded themselves from society, believed sin existed everywhere (led to conflict with government, they refused to serve in gov.) -targeted by catholics and protestants

Answer 27

Catholic response to protestant reformation, prohibitins books that Catholics couldn't read/print, trying to stop Catholics from Protestantism

Answer 28

Missionaries who spread Catholicism to E Asia and Americans by setting up schools, used to promote catholicism in response to protestant reformation

Answer 29

Called by Pope Paul III to go through all CC doctrine/dogma, addressed behavioral abuses of CC, reaffirmed Church doctrine, during Catholic reformation

Answer 30

nun who wrote about dedicating your body and soul to catholic faith, promoted close connection with God, during Catholic reformation (CC promoted any writings that spoke highly of Catholicism)

Answer 31

During Catholic Reformation, laid out a plan on how to be closer to God by maintaining traditions/rituals (promoted by CC)

Answer 32

Put King Henry VIII head of England Church (Anglican) so he could marry Anne Boleyn

Answer 33

-brought back Anglican church in England after Henry VIII's son ruled and Mary, who brought back Catholicism and persecuted protestants -didn't persecute protestants

Answer 34

-Inspired by Luther challenging CC, led to others in HRE to challenge higher power -revolted in Luther's name -crushed, 200k were killed

Answer 35

-Rise of new monarchs led to political tension between monarchs and nobility -Protestant Reformation created religious tensions in EU

Answer 36

-Huguenots (FR protestants) vs Catholics -War of religion -St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: Henry IV of Navarre married sister of king, at the wedding Catherine Medici and Guise family massacred Huguenots -War of 3 Henry's: Henry III of Valois (Catholic), Henry IV of Navarre (Calvin), Henry Guise (super catholic), Henry III and Henry Guise assassinated each other, leading Henry IV of Navarre -Henry IV passed Edict of Nantes, making Catholicism official religion, but protestants could private practice

Answer 37

-Protestants vs Catholics -War of religion -Defenestration of Prague: protestant rulers threw three catholic officials from a window, starting 30 Years War -Four phases of war: Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French -Peace of Westphalia ended war: made Netherlands independent and Swiss confederation independent, weakened HRE, extended Augsburg to include calvinism, no more religious wars (rulers willing to allow religious pluralism but not freedom), Jews/Muslims still persecuted but EU moving towards people of similar culture belonging in 1 political state

Answer 38

Academic debate in FR on if women could be admitted to university, overall women excluded from political/religious leadership during this time (period 1)

Answer 39

-peaked after political/social upheaval of reformation -led to witch hunts (worst in HRE and Poland) -100k accused, 40k executed -reformation made Catholic rituals against evil seem less effective, so people though devil took human form and did witchcraft

Answer 40

-reaction against naturalism of Renaissance -began to reject harmony and ideal proportion -favored irrational settings, elongation, artificial colours, and unclear subject matters -El Greco, Parmigiano

Answer 41

-art of Catholic reformation -arts should have religious themes and direct emotional involvement in response to protestant reformation -exaggerated motion/details to produce drama -Rubens, Bernini, Gentileschi

Answer 42

-From Tudor dynasty to Stuarts -After Elizabeth I, James I -Then, Charles I (James I's son)

Answer 43

-first of Stuarts in England -wanted to rule as an absolute monarch, but always fought with Parliament over taxes -Puritans thought James I might be a secret catholic -Puritans wanted to rid Anglican church of all catholic tradition -united England with Scotland

Answer 44

-James I son -Didn't like Parliament -Supported free well which went against the Calvinist puritans (predestination) -built an army (Cavaliers/Royalists)

Answer 45

-New class in England/Netherlands due to companies, banks, and commercial agriculture changing EU -self made people who became rich from trade/commercialization -had almost no political power in gov, but the richest (most of the gov run by hereditary nobles/kings) -fought to gain political power over 17-19th century

Answer 46

-Roundheads vs Cavaliers (Parliaments vs Royalists) -1642 England, monarchs didn't have as much authority as kings of SP/FR, they shared some power w/ Parliament -most monarchs tried not to call parliament, but Charles I's war vs. Scotland forced him to call parliament for money -Charles was forced to rely upon wealthy non-nobles in order to tax them, thus giving gentry a voice in gov through the House of Commons that resisted his calls for taxes -House of Commons made parliament permanent entity -Oliver Cromwell (leader of roundheads won civil war and became dictator of England)

Answer 47

-created in 1642 -took opportunity to pass laws that made parliament a permanent entity after Charles I was forced to call upon parliament for funds

Answer 48

-leader of Roundheads, winning English Civil War -strict military dictator -put Charles I on trial, had him executed -abolished the monarchy -abolished parliament -ruled as Lord Protector -When he died, Parliament brought back monarchy (Charles II back to rule as monarch)

Answer 49

-absolutist believer -one of the earliest accounts of the English Civil War -analyzed war, kings, presented ideas -Published 1681 at request of Charles II

Answer 50

-When Charles II dies, his catholic brother James II takes throne -James II daughter= Protestant Mary who marries William of Orange in the Netherlands -Parliament goes to William and Mary and requests them to invade -William and Mary come over and overthrow James II

Answer 51

-Bill of Rights: Parliament over king, basic rights for parliament and citizens -Act of Toleration: nicer to other protestant faiths -Mutiny Act: made army under law, made parliament meet yearly -Act of Union: reunified England/Scotland=Great BR

Answer 52

-The Netherlands= mostly protestant, love early capitalism and commercial revolution -won independence from SP during 30 Years War -Netherlands religiously tolerant, urbanization, cheap grain, VOC took over spice islands, wealth=art

Answer 53

-William III's death=no strong stadtholder, leading to declining naval force, declining economy (VOC), and stagflation, so Dutch Golden Age goes away

Answer 54

-Louis XIV (FR) -James I (England) -Peter the Great (RU) -Philip II (SP)

Answer 55

-Louis XIII ruled with minister, Cardinal Richelieu -Louis XIII ruled at 13 -Louis XIII after Henry IV of Navarre -Richelieu took down Huguenots, put FR in 30 Years war on the side of the protestants, so they could weaken rival SP -Richelieu took away governing rule of nobles by creating 30 districts under the rule of Richelieu authority

Answer 56

-At 5, ruled with his minister Cardinal Mazarin -Fronde rebellions threatened Louis, after Mazarin died, Louis rules solo at 23 as a super absolutist with divine right -built Palace of Versailles -Jean Baptiste Colbert -overturned Edict of Nantes, leading to 200k huguenots fleeing to England, weakening economy -spent alot of money on wars (spanish succession, dutch, led to increase tax on peasants)

Answer 57

-Louis XIV closest adviser -created economic side of absolutism (mercantilism)

Answer 58

-Ended war of spanish succession -BR won SP territories in America -Philip V officially king of SP -SP won Milan/Naples -FR said protestant England was okay

Answer 59

-supported Junkers (prussian nobles who supported ruler to protect their rule over their serfs) in return for money for an army, led to efficient civil service as many junker became military officers -King of PRU

Answer 60

-height of PRU power -"Enlightened absolutist" -wrote philosophy, freed serfs on royal grounds, ended capital punishment of serfs -Didn't free all serfs (Junkers), didn't free Jews

Answer 61

-HRE vs Ottomans -Turning Point: Ottomans no longer a threat to Euro -Ottomans lost Hungary to HRE Leopold I and recognize Hungary's independence

Answer 62

-Charles VI of HRE made EU sign it, making Maria Theresa his heir

Answer 63

-Son of Maria Theresa -HRE -Liked Frederick and tried to rule as an enlightened ruler -wanted to limit catholic power, so Edict of Toleration for Jews, Lutherans, Calvinists -abolished serfdom

Answer 64

-heir of Charles IV (father) -HRE -one of the most famous Habsburgs -strict catholic, no tolerance -16 kids

Answer 65

-RU -Loves EU, esp their military and culture -Wanted RU to be the window to the West with the building of St. Petersburg on warm water port after Great Northern War -reorganized Russian Orthodox Church -raised taxes on serfs to make a navy and conscripted army -Beard Tax (Westernization)

Answer 66

-Peter the Great's successor -enhanced education, patronized art, remove E. Orthodox Church, gave nobles more freedom, reinforced serfdom

Answer 67

-divided internally with landed elites controlling representative assemblies and key government jobs -elites often defied the king -has no strong monarch or strong sense of nationalism

Answer 68

growth of commerce/trade

Answer 69

new farming tech, still had cottage industry (spinners, weavers)

Answer 70

-believed in only 4 elements (Earth, Air, Water, Fire) that led to alchemy (belief in combining 4 elements to create perfect compounds)

Answer 71

Earth is the center of universe, sun and other planets orbit around earth, starts were fixed

Answer 72

-1543 -Polish mathematician/astronomer -heliocentric views

Answer 73

supported heliocentric view and elliptical orbits, worked with Brahe (didn't like heliocentric view, rather a fancier geocentric)

Answer 74

-built of Copernicus' work with telescope -published letters supporting heliocentric view, church didn't like, told him to stop, he didn't, led to eventual trial and house arrest and for him to recant belief

Answer 75

fixed problem of elliptical orbits by figuring out laws of gravity, promoted scientific experimentation

Answer 76

-empiricism (learning comes from experience and observation) -inductive reasoning -made scientific method with Descartes

Answer 77

-deductive reasoning through logic/thought -made scientific method with Bacon

Answer 78

-rose during scientific rev/enlightenment -God is a clockmaker who made everything, but not directly involved with daily life

Answer 79

figured out how blood flowed through body, directly disproved Galen's four humours

Answer 80

-used political philosophy to justify absolutism -wrote Leviathan and Behemoth

Answer 81

-natural rights (life, liberty, property), should not be taken away by monarchs

Answer 82

-skepticism and challenging of classical knowledge taken further because religious didn't really offer scientific views, led to questioning of God/religion entirely

Answer 83

"Age of Reason", new ideas/reforms to government and religion

Answer 84

made encyclopedia as a way to log all science/understanding logic into one source

Answer 85

-first to question/oppose idea of religion -suggested God didn't exist and said all the religion rules had no factual basis and were all "made up" -argued religion was negative thing as it split groups up and started conflicts -believed religion was private, shouldn't be involved with government/public life

Answer 86

developed atheism

Answer 87

-wrote "On Crimes and Punishment" -argued in favor of humane institutions (prisons) for reform instead of torture/inhumane methods -father of modern criminal law and criminal justice, led to people questioning justice system

Answer 88

-wrote "The Spirit of Laws" -argued for separation of powers so not one person or group could control gov.

Answer 89

-believe that no gov. (king or parliament) could ever truly represent the people and that the gov. should be all of the people (except women)-> this idea became very popular among people and unpopular among kings/nobles -Emotion over reason -government of the people not divine right

Answer 90

-"Wealth of Nations" -against mercantilism -promoted laissez-faire (invisible hand, leave alone markets)

Answer 91

wealthy people would host enlightenment discussions in their homes

Answer 92

female enlightenment philosopher, wanted women's rights/suffrage

Answer 93

-skepticism, empiricism, naturalism -passion over reason, said ethics are based on emotion/sentiment

Answer 94

-skepticism, empiricism, naturalism -passion over reason, said ethics are based on emotion/sentiment

Answer 95

new movement that arose during the Enlightenment, celebrated individual feeling, emotion, and passion -opposed scientific thought -became dominant philosophy of early 19th century -gave rise to nationalism and liberalism (other dominant philosophies of 19th century)

Answer 96

-toyed with Enlightenment ideas without threatening their own authority -Frederick the Great (PRU)- intellectual center at his palace, freed serfs on royal estates -Joseph II (HRE)- butted heads with his mom, Maria Theresa, over enlightened rule, Edict of Toleration -Peter the Great (RU)- westernized RU -Catherine the Great (RU)- inspired by montesquieu and voltaire, started to revise law codes, but stopped when it threatened power

Answer 97

for less wealthy people, people gathered for coffee for cheap and discussed enlightenment ideas

Answer 98

-1731, Spaniard cut off ear of English captain, Robert Jenkins -Jenkins used his ear as an example of SP atrocities against the BR parliament -Sir Robert Walpole went to war with SP over it, led to rest of EU wars until 1815

Answer 99

-caused by commercial and imperial rivalry between BR and FR -involved most of EU -Great Britain won, taking nearly all of FR lands -Treaty of Paris 1763 ended it -led to American Revolution because BR taxes on America -HRE in shambles -FR lost lots of land, needed money (also spent money to help America) -PRU a major EU power -BR most powerful as empire expanded

Answer 100

-kings/nobles unpopular -long term issues: Louis XIV wars, 7 years war, FR bankrupt -short term issues: famine, tax, nobles paid no taxes but regular people (Bourgeoisie) had tax increases -Louis XVI called Estates General for meeting, 3rd estate was bourgeoisie (98%), other two were clergy and nobles (2%) but each estate got one vote -3rd estate refused to have one vote each, Louis XVI locked them out of palace -people rebelled, gathered weapons, mob of peasant women marched on Versailles, forced Louis XVI back to Paris, storming of Bastille

Answer 101

-King held captive and nobles/clergy and 3rd estate controlled gov. -Civil Constitution of the Clergy: reduced church power -The Constitution of 1791: took all noble titles/privileges away, separated powers of gov, all men can vote, divided noble lands into gov/ districts -Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen (1789), added many Enlightenment and American Rev. ideals to constitution (freedom of speech/religion, free trial by jury, all men can vote, protect private property), however no women's rights -inspired revolutions in Haiti/Latin America, which led to abolition of all slavery in FR empire -FR looked to spread democracy ideals/equality ideas globally

Answer 102

wrote Declaration of the Rights of Women and of the Female Citizen (1791) to point out the hypocrisy in the new FR gov.

Answer 103

-struggled fighting all of EU at once -Levee en masse: draft largest army of 750,000 in order to combat coalitions, led under general Napoleon Bonaparte -economy unsustainable because of debt from war, BR cut FR off world with navy, food/money scarce at home -Louis XVI tried to flee and fight against the FR when peasants/citizens became restless

Answer 104

-To keep peace in Paris, gov. turned to the Jacobins- extremely radical/militanistic part of rev, led by Robespierre in 1792 (started to impose radical ideas on FR, allied themselves with San-Culottes: a radical militant group of regular people against royalty/nobility and quickly began to purge moderates who opposed their ways) -considered anyone who questioned the gov. or ideas should be imprisoned/executed without trial -Jacobins imposed censorship and imprisoned/executed all political opponents

Answer 105

-Sep. 1792: mass purge (Jacobins killed thousands of prisoners and killed suspected criminals) -Committee of Public Safety: all natural rights/protections suspended -Robespierre fixed price of goods/wages of workers/banished fancy clothes to help peasants -tried to control mortality/religion by banning all religion and invested in a new, non-religious calendar

Answer 106

-Directory (group of 5 men with executive power) drew support, rose up, overthrew and executed Robespierre and leaders of Jacobin party -new gov. (directory) tried to run FR, not popular enough to maintain power -new gov. tried to make themselves more popular, included Napoleon -Napoleon initiated a nation-wide vote to name himself head of gov. -Napoleon declared head of states of FR ("Emperor")

Answer 107

-Enlightenment ideas supported in FR rev, but people changed minds after Reign of Terror as they opposed Enlightenment ideas in Reign on Terror -Terror made idea of rev in EU more unpopular, giving EU states more reason to fight FR -Edmund Burke: writer in England who opposed violent rev, said changes take a long time, not immediately

Answer 108

-brought back power to men -tamed san-culottes and Jacobins -couldn't fix FR economy, sought to distract people with military victories

Answer 109

-Originally supported Jacobins in order to gain military promotions, but in Thermidorian Reaction, supported the Directory -Invaded/annex most of IT, taking down AUS/PRU (Britain only power left) -Invaded Egypt to cut off BR access to India, lost -only hired public servants loyal to him, brought in mix of Jacobins and monarchists -formed secret police to root out opponents -unbeatable general, failings as ruler -had respect/loyalty from army, army was efficient/experienced -1805, conquered/made allies with most of EU -Banned all EU trade with BR, b/c unable to invade -Concordat of 1801: favored religion because he wanted to be like Roman or Byzantine Emperor -Napoleonic code/Civil Code: eliminate nobility and their land privileges, religious freedom and equal treatment, common law for entire nation -invoked censorship -women had no legal property/divorce rights -Napoleonic Wars: larger army than most of EU, EU turned against FR rule and anti-Napoleon sentiment -1812 Invasion of RU: Napoleon's advisers told him to slow down, but he wanted more, last nation with standing army Napoleon hadn't completely taken, FR winter/no supplies and RU surprise attack weakened FR, Napoleon abdicated throne as RU/PRU/AUS/BR took Paris in 1814 and defeated him at Battle of Waterloo

Answer 110

Named Louis XVIII as king (exiled Napoleon)

Answer 111

-painter of neoclassical style -painted Death of Marat -became official painter for Napoleon after revolution and made him look powerful -after Napoleon exiled, so was David

Answer 112

-political stability after Glorious Rev -more religious tolerations -population explosion -agricultural rev -enclosure acts (forced small farmers to cities) -largest maritime empire -many seas and easy access to various bodies of waters -coal/iron abundance

Answer 113

BR inventions/manufacturing goods far outnumbered all other countries at the fair

Answer 114

-textiles -steam power -railroads (quicker transportation) (supported by Bank of England in GB) -demands for liberal/social reforms

Answer 115

expanded male suffrage

Answer 116

led by Lovett, wanted universal male suffrage

Answer 117

wanted a repeal of tariffs on cheap, foreign wheat to help food crisis (poor harvest and Irish potato famine), got repealed in 1846 under PM peel

Answer 118

-became independent from Netherlands in 1831 -had natural deposits of coal/iron -densely populated/urbanized -rapid industrialization with textiles/railroads -2nd nation to industrialize

Answer 119

-slower (gov less friendly to urban gentry and many conflicts) -War made countries unstable to foster industrialization, agriculture remained focus of economies -E EU, serfdom was dominant economic force, remaining even in EU until tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs in 1861 -FR and E EU lacked high-quality iron/coal deposits, BR/GY/Belgium had high amt -FR/E EU lacked advanced/consistent banking system that allowed for expansion of railrods

Answer 120

free trade customs union created by Friedrich List in German area among all German states, wanted to cut all tariffs within German states, but raise on BR imports, a step towards unification with 4/5 territories as members

Answer 121

potato fungus made its way to EU from Americas, near elimination of potato crops caused by massive famines (Ireland) which led to mass death and emigration to US

Answer 122

potato fungus made its way to EU from Americas, near elimination of potato crops caused by massive famines (Ireland) which led to mass death and emigration to US

Answer 123

In response to potato faminines, BR parliament passed to allow for better trade and cheaper exported grain for economic benefit and survivability

Answer 124

built off Bentham, utilitarianism, betterment/happiness of not only individuals, but for society as a whole

Answer 125

-Middle class: enjoyed leisure time and improved lifestyle -working class: bad conditions with factories and working conditions (led to unions forming, but striked often put down by middle class or gov who wanted economy to flow cheap/smooth)

Answer 126

believed working class was the most important, as they were doing all the work/labor to profit others, should be praised/protected for their contribution

Answer 127

-middle class, specifically factory owners/bankers would always exploit others for financial gain/power -belief that gov. needs to step in to provide protection for working class -redistribute society's wealth

Answer 128

-Saint-simon, Charles Fourier, Robert Owen -believed it was moral duty of society to provide equal protection/treatment of all classes

Answer 129

believed that factory/labor tasks should be divided according to what they wanted to do and what they're best at

Answer 130

-factory owner -developed factory system that provided better pay/housing/benefits for workers

Answer 131

passed by BR parliament, no children under 9 at textile mills and no children under 18 could work at night

Answer 132

no children under 10 in underground mines

Answer 133

Max working day is 10 hours for women and children in textile mills

Answer 134

utilitarianism, argues actions should be judged whether or not it increased an individual's well-being or not

Answer 135

theories that proscribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for affected individuals

Answer 136

centered in GY, bessemer process, expansion of railroads and chemicals instead of steam/coal/textiles

Answer 137

Henry Bessemer found a way to make more steel without increasing costs

Answer 138

-AUS stock market crahs caused several AUS banks to fail, its unemployment rippled -caused prices drops and unemployment in US/EU for 10 years -caused countries to question free trade

Answer 139

-meant to protect domestic industry in food by reintroducing select tariffs -return of many tariffs that had disappeared in early-mid 19th century

Answer 140

powerful merchant/production family in GY

Answer 141

men should provide for family and be manly, women should care for children and their education/meals (feminism changed this)

Answer 142

2 children and parents

Answer 143

-led by prince Metternich of AUS -people wanted to make sure no nation could have a revolution and try to repeat Napoleon's conquest -monarchs/nobles wanted to return everything back the way they were before Napoleon -agreed all continental kings would aid the others in case of revolution -wanted to maintain their old systems/power, away from Napoleonic code -nationalism rose -EU states fighting many revolutions from 1830-1848 to win back freedoms of Napoleonic code, cooperation of EU states to stop these revs

Answer 144

emphasized popular sovereignty, individual rights, self-interest, but debated which groups should actively participate in gov, derived ideas from Enlightenment, supported laissez-faire capitalism/free trade

Answer 145

universal male suffrage, full citizenship regard to status, some argued for women also included

Answer 146

no government, replaced with society based on voluntary cooperation

Answer 147

-led Congress of Vienna -Prince of AUS -wanted to re-establish church/nobles/monarchs as heads of all areas conquered by Napoleon -agreed with conservative, Edmund Burke, who believed traditional authorities knew best and regular people were too uneducated to rule themselves

Answer 148

-led Congress of Vienna -Prince of AUS -wanted to re-establish church/nobles/monarchs as heads of all areas conquered by Napoleon -agreed with conservative, Edmund Burke, who believed traditional authorities knew best and regular people were too uneducated to rule themselves

Answer 149

-July 1830, King Charles X passed July Ordinances that excluded commercial classes from elections -July Revolution: FR people overthrew Charles X -Still monarchy, bur rev won rights of popular sovereignty in gov and got rid of noble rights again -inspired revs in other areas (Belgium, IT, Poland)

Answer 150

Belgium independent from Netherlands

Answer 151

-Greek revolutionaries against Ottoman Empire -Greece independent from Ottomans in Feb. 1830

Answer 152

-absolutist regimes continued but a growing call for republican/enlightenment ideals as well as unification/nationalism -Louis-Philippe overthrown in FR when he refused a constitution, led to FR establishing an official republic with a constitution, parliament, and president, both elected with complete male suffrage -

Answer 153

-absolutist regimes continued but a growing call for republican/enlightenment ideals as well as unification/nationalism -Louis-Philippe overthrown in FR when he refused a constitution, led to FR establishing an official republic with a constitution, parliament, and president, both elected with complete male suffrage -Concert would've put down revolution in FR 1848, but every major city started having revolutions after FR (empowered by liberal and nationalistic ideas), Metternich fled in fear from AUS, nobles removed and constitutions drafted -GY: Frankfurt Parliament met to organize new, grand GY -at the end, these revs would all fail because they couldn't agree on how to arrange new govs -while revs did fail, it did showcase the inability of EU states to maintain their feudal style

Answer 154

-right to rule=legitimate monarchies -organized religion, Protestant or Catholic -formed from Concert of EU

Answer 155

-ended Concert of EU -RU vs Ottomans, FR, BR -exposed RU's lack of development -RU defeated

Answer 156

-ended Concert of EU -RU vs Ottomans, FR, BR -exposed RU's lack of development -RU defeated

Answer 157

liberal economy, religious toleration, modernize military/gov in Ottoman empire

Answer 158

a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.

Answer 159

-Count Cavour (Kingdom of Piedmont's prime minister) -unification (AUS driven out) -Giuseppe Garibaldi (swept through the S with a small army, met in the middle with Cavour and agreed to unit IT together) -1860, vast majority of IT unified -Cavour goal was for monarch to control IT with a liberal parliament -Cavour was a man of the Enlightenment -After Cavour died, IT parliament devolved into corruption/bribery

Answer 160

-Frankfurt Parliament, Zollverein, Otto Van Bismarck -N Germans Protestant, S Germans Catholic -To Unify: 1. modernize PRU military 2. kick out AUS to be only power in GY 3.unite N GY (Northern German Confederation) 4. War with FR to bring in S Germanic territories (Franco-PRU war) -led to FR/GY enemies and economic tensions between BR/GY

Answer 161

-tried to defeat internal threats to unify (Socialists) -unified GY -pushed through some social reforms to keep Germans from turning socialism -Bismarck used monarchy to make GY 1st nation to pass openly-socialist policies (health insurance, accident insurance, etc) to satisfy working class

Answer 162

created a dual monarchy, Francis Joseph was king of both AUS and Hungary

Answer 163

-after loss of crimean war, new czar wanted to reform RU -emancipated serfs -brought in legal reforms and expanded universities

Answer 164

-favored state religion, traditional authority, monarchy -minimal change to placate progressive groups -still true to conservative beliefs, but issued reforms in order to avoid instability/revolt -Bismarck, Napoleon III, Cavour

Answer 165

-FR -kept almost all power in his hands and empowered old authority, but increased powers of national assembly (representative assembly headed by regular people) to keep liberals happy -legalized strikes/unions to keep socialists happy -expanded FR by helping Cavour gain IT territory to keep nationalists happy

Answer 166

Slavs under Ottoman control, but protests/rebellions began to increase in the Balkans as slavs fought for independence

Answer 167

hostility against Jewish People -Dreyfus Affair (Jewish artillery captain accused of passing military secreats to Germans)

Answer 168

-Jews wanted their own state due to violence -Theodore Herzl (father of zionism) developed idea to organize and establish a Jewish homeland in BR Palestine -Balfour Declaration of 1917: a statement of BR support for a Jewish state in Palestine

Answer 169

founded anarchism, believed govs were corrupt and believed people should live without govs in small, industrial communities

Answer 170

opponents to capitalism, developed communism/marxism

Answer 171

-believed private property was root of all struggles (masters vs slaves, peasants vs nobles, etc) and all property should be communal -Marxism Plan: 1.Reduction (Proletariat (working class) rise up, takes private property from bourgeoisie 2. socialism (govs temporarily hold all production/property and distribute/manage it evenly between all people) 3. Communism (govs surrender all protection/property to communal humanity and erase all national borders)

Answer 172

looked to unions/emerging political parties of working class as a model for feminist movement

Answer 173

advocated for state intervention to combat alcohol because of domestic violence and low working-class wages

Answer 174

made by BR in Egypt, BR slowly enveloped all of India by 1850

Answer 175

BR/FR imposed the sale of drug opium as well as annex several ports, CH tried to ban Opium, which led to Opium wars

Answer 176

nearly every major EU power would economically control a stretch of CH by 1898

Answer 177

nearly all of Africa under EU control, Bismarck hosted Berlin conference to divide land based on each country’s desire for goods/ability to control their new lands

Answer 178

BR/FR fight over railroads both going through Fashoda, FR withdrew

Answer 179

-search for resources/new markers -national competition (desire to show superiority)

Answer 180

Aggressively supported Imperialism and advocated spreading it even in EU, wanted to unite all Germans

Answer 181

-future communist leader -against Imperialism (believed it was a warped extension of capitalism as Europeans directly practices control over another region for economic gain)

Answer 182

Resistance to BR imperialism, Sepoys rebelled

Answer 183

Imperial art, artists sought to illustrate unblemished perfection of native people living in a more natural state than Europeans

Answer 184

Cubism, studied non-western art (African masks)

Answer 185

Wrote Frankenstein, romantic writer

Answer 186

Painted working class and peasants going through life

Answer 187

Realists often pursued their artwork to expose gilded image of middle class and to show the real/natural life/struggles

Answer 188

-first major break from traditional form and style -artstyle using distortion, abstract approaches, blend unrealistic, etc -vincent van gogh, claude monet

Answer 189

-first questioned idea of objective knowledge through science and absolute truths -rejected Judaism/christiany, argued neither had answer because no absolute truth or system in values in the universe -believed all religion was subjective and based on circumstances

Answer 190

-positivism: humans could learn to apply logic/rationality completely and figure out how to bring harmony/happiness to everyone -freud dismantled these views with his discoveries -discovered that our lives/actions/minds are determined by past experiences/primitive instincts out of our control -no way to understand and control a person

Answer 191

1914-present

Answer 192

GY, proposed a focus on a large W offense against the FR through Belgium to avoid FR’s Maginot Line defensive network establish on German-French border, intended to force FR into submission and then invade RU

Answer 193

-ended WW1 -allied powers angry with destruction/cost, forced GY to accept blame -blamed/crippled/limited GY military/territory/economy, led to economic depression, anger, WWII, and rise of Hitler

Answer 194

-began as liberal go, making universal suffrage -after WWI -many Germans skeptical of new gov bc they accepted treaty of versailles, Germans waiting for a strong leader to fix GY

Answer 195

-after WW1 -most EU states agreed that minorities should be allowed to practice self-determination (many ethnic minorities break free and start their own govs (Poland, Yugoslavia, etc)) -new govs still largely agricultural and fought for borders

Answer 196

Relative stability to new Polish state, by 1935, when facing internal party issues/radical political parties, took authoritarian measures even banning some political parties

Answer 197

-Gandhi and Indian National Congress began peaceful protests around mass civil disobedience (Salt March) to gain independence

Answer 198

BR/FR partitioned and administered the Middle East

Answer 199

Group of writers who typically wrote about the younger generation and impact of WWI on them

Answer 200

-In Petrograd (workers began to organize leadership in this city), workers and peasants protested against Tsar -tsar called out military against protests, some soldiers listened but some refused and joined Petrograd Soviet -tsar forced to abdicate, Petrograd soviet remained intact and Duma led gov -duma didnt address concerns of famine, continuation of war, and disproportionate landowning of the nobility, however the Bolshevik party (Russian communist party) (under Lenin) noted the demands of workers/peasants

Answer 201

-Lenin/Bolsheviks grew support of peasants/workers and Petrograd soviet, they overthrew Duma and took power -Lenin/Bolsheviks in control of gov, RU became first Marxist state ever

Answer 202

-kept promise to end RU participation in WWI by negotiating with GY and dropping out of conflict in late 1917 -formed peasant committee (distribute land and strip nobility of land and power) -attempted to end famine -eliminate all class and gender distinctions

Answer 203

-White army: tsarists, moderate socialists, capitalists that opposed Bolsheviks (Red army) -white army received international aid from the W (US mainly) -Red army victorious, but conflict destabilized the new regime and worsened famine -renamed RU to Soviet Union

Answer 204

-Lenin -rewarded farmers and workers for exceeding quotas to help famine

Answer 205

-Lenin died in 1924 -Stalin disagreed with Lenin’s reforms -Stalin avoided NEP and made 5 year plans -set national goals for production of agriculture, building of factories, etc -collectivized agriculture: eliminating land where peasants live to let gov control land and paid a wage to laborers to raise and harvest agriculture -effective in industrial but agriculture faced same problem as Lenins quotas (lack of motivation)

Answer 206

-Stalin blamed 5 year plan on Kulaks, a social class of peasants that were successful famers under NEP -Soviet state began anti-kulak propaganda campaigns, harassed and murdered kulaks and executed and imprisoned kulaks -sent to gulag work camp, no one returned -worsened famine because kulaks were good farmers

Answer 207

Rejected tradition and sought to challenge traditional beliefs regarding what was artistically beautiful, good, and true instead of suggesting beauty was subjective

Answer 208

Reject logic, reason, nationalism, anti-bourgeoisie, many members were comminist

Answer 209

-overproduction after war -deflation -stock market crash with investors buying abusively large amounts -unemployment, poverty, misery -laissez-fair leaders lost popularly -Keynesian economic: believed gov could help economy by creating demand through public work in projects -FR popular front: programs that enacted reforms and aid for workers, program failed due to reduction of hours but increased wages, front voted out of office

Answer 210

New ideology that showcased nationalistic authoritarian (supreme authority, anti communist)

Answer 211

-fascist leader of GY -believed Germans were inferior -Night of Long Knives: Hitler initiated his own series of political purges, killing anyone who opposed his rule -Nuremberg Laws- anti-Jewish laws -Gestapo: secret police -invested in military heavily

Answer 212

Initiated Nazi propaganda campaign, showing Nazi power and influence

Answer 213

-fascist dictator of IT -helped hitler with Holocaust

Answer 214

-Hitler/Mussolini promoted fascism and test new equipment in SP in 1936 -Fransisco France (fascist) got help from Hitler/Mussolini -Stalin/USSR backed Marxist republicans to promote communism -GY able to test new technologies and show their new war strategy: Blitzkrieg -showed weakness of BR, FR, US -Franco rose to power

Answer 215

During WWII, BR/FR let Hitler peacefully take the sudeteblands in Munich agreement, but GY violated agreements and continued to invade and take land

Answer 216

Soviets and nazi invaded Poland, BR/FR declare war

Answer 217

US/USSR agreed to allow EU states self-determination, USSR intervened in E Eu and propelled Pro-soviet communist to govs and broke agreement

Answer 218

US supplied Berlin with necessities to counter Berlin blockade by Stalin

Answer 219

US aid W EU to stop communist spread

Answer 220

Created to defend each-other and contain communist (W nations), Warsaw pact with Stalin and allies created in response

Answer 221

Split between E and W europeans

Answer 222

Fought between different ideologies (communism and democratic capitalism) (Vietnam and Korean war)

Answer 223

US attempts to contain communism by supporting anti-communist forces

Answer 224

Both US and USSR kept advancing in arms and space race, agreed to not use nuclear weapons because if they fought they would both die

Answer 225

counter aid program against Marshall Plan, soviets formed to aid E EU in rebuilding

Answer 226

-1985, came into USSR -glasnost: openness to non-communist parties -perestroika: economic and politcal reform

Answer 227

Belief that there is no absolute meaning in life, but we create meaning through individual experiences (Jean-Paul Sartre)

Answer 228

Believed all things in the world were subjective, and no one thing could be objectively true/false

Answer 229

GY, protestants began to oppose secular leaders (esp. Hitler), Bonhoeffer spoke against Hitler, working to plot against Nazis

Answer 230

Pope John XXII called council of CC to rethink their role -decided to make leadership of CC more international -believed in religious liberty/choice -focused on LDC’s and efforts to help them

Answer 231

-Salt March in India -colonies call for independence (nationalism) -Kwame Nkrumah peaceful protest in Ghana -Ho Chi Minh going against imperial FR -Algerian national liberal front: fought violently against FR -more civil rights/socialist reforms (Prague spring, student/worker protests) -many former colonies remained close to their former mother countries (Indians move to UK)

Answer 232

-stalin death in 1950s -Khrushchev came into power and attempted destalinization (remove totalitarian policies) -prisons reformed, gulags shut down, stalin statues torn down, etc

Answer 233

-next USSR leader after Khrushchev and before Gorbachev -Brezhnev Doctrine: consolidated USSR position of halting anti-communist movements in the East -USSR dissolved in 1991

Answer 234

Allow for free trade and job movement with coal and iron

Answer 235

Countries engage in free trade and job movement within EEC and held common tariffs with countries outside the group

Answer 236

UK left EU (didnt accept Euro and didnt like immigration policies) -EU required each EU member to admit certain amount of refugees/immigrants

Answer 237

Arranged lowering of tariffs and trade barriers between 123 nations

Answer 238

manages international trade

Answer 239

Work to educate people on the dangers of global warming

Ap Euro Flashcards

(266 cards)