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AP Euro exam review > AP euro exam review > Flashcards

AP euro exam review Flashcards

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1
Q

RENAISSANCE UNIT 1300-1600

What is humanism?

A

The focus on the potential of humans

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2
Q

Who was known as the “father of humanism”?

A

Petrarch

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3
Q

What is Northern humanism?

A

Retained more Christianity than “Italian humanism”; emphasized classical learning and religious piety

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4
Q

Who was Erasmus?

A

Associated w/ Northern humanism; wrote “the praise of folly” criticizing the corruption of the church and arguing for religious tolerance

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5
Q

Who was Thomas More?

A

Associated w/ northern humanism; wrote “Utopia”, which presented a fictional ideal society based on reason and cooperation.

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6
Q

What’s a patron?

A

A person or group of people who financially support an artist, writer, or musician. More specifically, those who supported Renaissance artists and writers.

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7
Q

Name 2 major patrons of the Renaissance era

A

The Medici and the Fugger families. Both were wealthy families based on banking.

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8
Q

Describe realism in relation to Renaissance art

A

Depicting the world and humans with greater accuracy and naturalism

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9
Q

Describe linear perspective in relation to Renaissance art

A

Creates 3d illusions of depth

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10
Q

Describe individualism in relation to Renaissance art

A

Emphasized the triumph of the individual vs the community. Shown through portrayal of humans with more realistic details and focus on INDIVIDUAL EXPRESSION/EMOTION.

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11
Q

Describe “The Last Supper”

A

Painting by Leonardo da Vinci. Depicted the biblical event of Jesus sharing his last meal. Highlights human emotions, therefore highlighting humanism. Utilizes geometric/linear perspective.

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12
Q

Describe the sculpture “David”

A

Sculpted by Michael Angelo, portrays a man sculpted like a Greek God. Shows Humanist influence through attention to detail of anatomy and human expression.

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13
Q

What was “The Courtier”?

A

A book written by Castiglione defining the perfect “Renaissance man” (gentleman)

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14
Q

How should a renaissance man behave according to Castiglione’s “The Courtier”?

A

Should be educated in the classics and humanities, be athletic, physically attractive, and skilled in the arts

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15
Q

How should a renaissance man NOT behave according to Castiglione’s “The Courtier”?

A

Should NOT use vulgar language, engage in overly competitive activities, and appear foolish.

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16
Q

Describe changes in education during the Renaissance

A

More of an emphasis on the classics and humanities, literacy rates rising=rising demand for books (demand able to be met bc of Gutenberg printing press)

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17
Q

What was “The Prince”?

A

Book written by Machiavelli that emphasized it is better for a ruler to be feared than loved.

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18
Q

Who was Gutenberg and what was his important invention?

A

Gutenberg created the Gutenberg printing press.

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19
Q

Explain the significance of the Gutenberg printing press.

A

It was a “moveable type” and utilized Chinese paper making, making it cheaper and more efficient, allowing for 10-20 million books to be printed.

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20
Q

What was the first book printed on the Gutenberg printing press?

A

The Gutenberg bible

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21
Q

Explain the significance of vernacular language in relation to the Gutenberg printing press

A

By enabling mass production of texts, the printing press facilitated the spread of literature in languages spoken by the common people, rather than exclusively in Latin. Would later influence the Protestant Reformation.

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22
Q

Secularism

A

Focus on non-religious aspects of life

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23
Q

Who were Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain and what was their significance?

A

King and Queen of Spain, they funded Christopher Columbus’ voyage and established the Spanish Inquisition.

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24
Q

What was the Spanish Inquisition?

A

The Catholic Monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, wanted to promote Catholic unity, so expelled Jewish and Muslim citizens from Spain

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25
European motives for spreading christianity
Gold, God, Glory Finding gold/silver, spreading Christianity, and gaining national power over rival European powers
26
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese patron of exploration to Africa and Asia for trade routes. Established navigation school.
27
Who was Vasco de Gama
Portuguese explorer who sailed around the tip of Africa.
28
Who was Hernando Cortes
Led the Spanish conquest of Aztec Empire. Related consequences: Mass deaths of Native Americans due to diseases and murder, implementation of exploitive labor systems, etc
29
Who was Bartolome de las Casas
advocate for indigenous peoples' rights, criticized encomienda system
30
NEW MONARCHS unit; 1492 (during Renaissance unit) What was the War of the Roses?
Struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII who defeated King Richard III and married Elizabeth of York, uniting York and Lancaster.
31
Who was Henry VII of England?
First king under the Tudor dynasty. He ended the war of roses by defeating King Richard III and marrying Elizabeth of York, uniting York and Lancaster. Utilized strategic alliances, etc.
32
Who was Henry VIII of England?
Example of top-down religious reform. Reigned during Protestant Reformation and opposed Lutheranism. Divorced Katherine illegally and married Anne Boleyn because Katherine couldn't produce a male heir. Made himself HEAD OF CHURCH because the Pope declared their marriage illegal.
33
Who was Mary I of England? (Bloody Mary)
Daughter of Henry VIII, wanted to restore Catholicism in England through religious persecution of Protestants.
34
Who did Queen Mary I (Bloody Mary) marry and why is it significant?
Queen Mary I married King Philip II, which was controversial because it was seen as an effort to strengthen Catholicism in England.
35
Who was Queen Elizabeth I of England?
Half sister of Mary I to Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn. Took the throne after Mary I's death, reverted England back to a time of relatively peaceful Protestant Christianity. Defeated Spain's Armada
36
Describe the Defeat of the Spanish Armada
King Philip II of Spain deployed the Spanish Armada to get Catholic England back after Elizabeth I replaced Mary I as queen. (He was very anti-Protestant.) Elizabeth I defeated Philip II's Spanish Armada. Philip II went bankrupt
37
Who was King Philip II
Son of Charles V, who gave King Philip II all his territories outside of the Holy Roman Empire. Philip II was Catholic and anti-Protestant. Married Queen Mary I, deployed Spanish Armada on Queen Elizabeth I of England after Mary I died, lost, and made Spain bankrupt due to war costs and lack of understanding of inflation (due to Spain receiving so much gold from the Americas)
38
Who was Charles V of England?
Ruled the HAPSBURG EMPIRE at NINETEEN (one of largest empires) during Protestant Reformation. Called the "Diet of Worms" to accuse Martin Luther of heresy. Luther formed the Schmakaldic Protestant League, Charles used Spanish army to defeat them and captured protestant leading princes, but then the League made a come back and defeated imperial forces, leading to the Peace of Augsburg.
39
What was the "Diet of Worms"?
Charles V called a meeting of the Holy Roman Empire. Wanted Luther to admit his errors, but Luther said "I can do no other".
40
Who was Martin Luther
Martin Luther was the founder of Lutheranism (Protestantism,) who criticized the Catholic church's corruption regarding indulgences, and believed in salvation by grace through faith and how the bible is the sole religious authority. Nailed the 95 theses to a church door in Germany.
41
What happened to Luther after the Diet of Worms?
Frederick the Wise, a prince-elector who was bribed by Charles V, hid and protected Luther. Luther continued to write and his publications were wide spread due to the Gutenberg printing press. Many translations were available in the vernacular language, spreading Lutheranism throughout Europe.
42
What was the German Peasant Revolt and how did it start?
The German Peasant Revolt started after Luther's writings (like the 95 theses) were translated into the vernacular language (German instead of Latin.) The peasants could read it and united to protest against Charles' corruption in Rome. Luther denounced the revolts as he believed in equality in religion but not in real life (lol?)
43
What did Luther do that was controversial (besides 95 theses) and made Charles V even angrier?
He married. It was controversial because he was part of the Catholic clergy. Charles V became angry and wanted to put down the Schmakaldic Protestant League.
44
What was the Schmakaldic League
A military alliance of Protestant princes and cities in the Holy Roman Empire formed in 1531 to defend against the Catholic Emperor Charles V. Aimed to protect Lutheranism.
45
What was the Peace of Augsburg?
Ended the religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Germany. Officially allowed princes to either choose Catholicism or Lutheranism as their territory's religion.
46
Who was John Calvin of France
John Calvin had a similar upbringing to Luther, as he also had thoughts of heresy and criticized the church. The "Affair of the Placards" happened, causing a religious divide in France. Calvin (in exile) then set up a theocracy in Geneva based on CALVINISM. He imposed fines on people for sins like gambling, blasphemy, vulgar language, and drinking alcohol.
47
What was Calvinism
Calvinism was the belief in predestination. God had already dictated everyone's lives and whether they were going to heaven or hell. French Calvinists were called Huguenots
48
What was the Affair of the Placards
The incident in France when posters started showing up that denounced the Catholic Church. Called all Protestant suspects and executed some of them, while the others ran off (like John Calvin.)
49
What was St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?
Thousands of Huguenots were killed in France.
50
What was the French Wars of Religion
Catholicism vs. Calvinism in France. Ended with the Edict of Nantes, issued by King Henry of Navarre
51
Who was King Henry of Navarre?
Converted to Catholicism and ruled France. Said "Paris is well worth a mass". Issued the Edict of Nantes, ending the French wars of religion. Edict of Nantes allowed Protestantism in France.
52
What was the Edict of Nantes?
King Henry of Navarre issued Edict of Nantes that allowed Protestantism in France. Ended the French Religions of War.
53
What type of rulers were King Henry of Navarre and Queen Elizabeth I
politique; they put tranquility before their personal beliefs
54
When did the Agricultural Revolution take place
1500-1750
55
What was crop rotation
The process of rotating crops from field to field to replenish the soil
56
What was the enclosure movement
Converted public lands to private lands. More efficient food production, but for less mouths.
57
Who was Elizabeth of Sutherland
Famous for "chasing ppl barefoot out of her land". Realistically famous for removing 100s of tenants from her estate and using day laborers instead, since they didn't have claims to the land.
58
What was arguably the most important crop introduced to Europe from the Americas
The potato. Has plenty of carbohydrates and is very nutritious, so made population grow and be more healthy (longer life spans)
59
What was the response to the Protestant Reformation called?
The Catholic/Counter-reformation.
60
Who was Pope Paul III
Pope Paul III had taken part in corrupt practices like appointing his 2 grandsons to be cardinals in the teens (why does he have grandsons), but then had a change of heart and called the Council of Trent.
61

AP Euro exam review (1 decks)

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