AP Euro terms Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
Renaissance
A
“rebirth”; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome.
2
Q
Elizabethen Age
A
Queen Elizabeth I’s reign (1558-1603)
3
Q
Secularism
A
A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations.
4
Q
Christian Humanism
A
Human dignity, potential, and free will within a Christian framework.
5
Q
Humanism
A
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements.
6
Q
Individualism
A
Importance of the individual and their rights, independence, and relationships with other individuals
7
Q
Mannerism
A
Italian Ren art style. Balance, proportion, and harmony
8
Q
Manorialism
A
Medieval. The lord owned the land, and peasants worked it in exchange for protection and the right to use a small plot of land
9
Q
open-field system
A
Division of large fields into long, narrow strips that are not communal.
10
Q
Usury
A
VERY high rates in banking. Popularized by the Medici family.
11
Q
Mercantilism
A
Economic policy. Nations increased wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and selling more goods than they bought.
12
Q
Deism
A
Enlightenment idea. There is a God, but that God isn’t involved in people’s lives or in revealing truths to prophets.
13
Q
Scientific Revolution
A
Intellectual movement. Planetary motion (Kepler and Copernicous) and other aspects of physics (Newton). Laid the groundwork for modern science. Reason over religon.
14
Q
Crop rotation
A
Rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
15
Q
Treaty of Tordesillas
A
(1494) Agreement between Portugal and Spain. Newly discovered lands to the west of the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain, and newly discovered lands to the east of the Atlantic would belong to Portugal.
16
Q
Triangle Trade
A
Trade route between the Africa, America, and Europe.
17
Q
columbian extange
A
The movement of people, food, livestock, and diseases between Europe and the New world. Disease wiped the natives.
18
Q
Potosi and Zacatecas
A
Spanish (Now Mexican) silver mines
19
Q
Encomienda
A
Spaniards gave colonists the right to collect tribute and forced labor from Indigenous people, in exchange for protecting them and teaching them Christianity.
20
Q
Fall of Constantinople
A
Finally overcome by the Ottoman turks in 1453.
21
Q
Viceroyality system
A
Large territory in the Spanish Empire ruled by a viceroy, who represented the king and acted as the top colonial authority.
22
Q
Middle passage
A
Brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies.
23
Q
Protestant Reformation
A
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. (MARTIN LUTHER)
24
Q
Peace of Augsburg
A
A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany. princes choose what religon the place is.
25
Indulgances
Buy your way out of sin!
26
Diet of Worms
Pope Leo X excommunicated Martin Luther and banned his teachings
27
Spanish Inquisition
Priests told all of Spain to be christian and punished everyone who wasn't. (Hated Jews and Moors)
28
Huguenots
French Protestants
29
Council of Trent
Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, banned indulgences.
30
Jesuits
Ignatius Loyola made it for teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
31
Index of prohibited books
Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned. Possession was very punishable. (Luthers teachings)
32
30 Years war
Bourbon (France) vs. Habsburg (Austria) War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire
33
War of the Three Henry's
This was the last of the wars over religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV)
34
Edict of Nantes
1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
35
Concordat of Bologna
1516 - French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots. (Main point is ability to appoint bishops)
36
Divine right
Rulers authority is chosen by god
37
Commercial revolution/price revolution
Change in the economy at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.
38
Glorious Revolution
James II gave up his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange (Dutch).
39
Roundheads
Supporters of the Parliament in the English Civil War
40
Cavaliers
a supporter of King Charles I in the English Civil War.
41
Baroque art
Art that applies naturalistic, REALIST styles and contrast with light and dark. Religious AND secular themes. Involved with ABSOLUTISM.
42
Discourse on Method
(Rene Descartes)- Used skepticism to come to the conclusion "I think, therefore I am" (Cogito, Ergo Sum)
43
Seven Years War
A global conflict between Great Britain and France. Went from Europe all the way to the new world.
44
Capitalism
An economic system based on private ownership of capital
45
The Enlightenment
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason and looked back/was skeptical of previously accepted ideas and social institutions.
46
Physiocrats
Early advocates of laissez-faire economics
47
War of Spanish Succession
This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V.
48
Nine Years War
British soldiers joined a European alliance against French expansionism. (Louis XIV trying to extend French territory to the Rhine.)
49
Estate system or Ancien Regime
France was divided into classes- the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd estate. The 1st and 2nd estates were the clergy and nobility (paid no/little taxes), and the 3rd estate was everyone else (paid taxes)
50
National Assembly
A French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people.
51
Constitution of 1791
Constitution created by the French Revolution that had a limited monarchy
52
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Declaration that said all men are born free and equal in rights. French rev.
53
Declaration of the Rights of Women
Olympe de Gouges. Women should have equal rights to men, women's responsibility to attain them.
54
March on Versailles
A group of women demanded bread and kidnapped King Louis XIV.
55
Declaration of Pillntz
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick William II of Prussia, declaration that urged Europe to unite and restore the French monarchy
56
Bastille
fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789
57
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Reorganized the Catholic Church in France, placing it under the control of the state.
58
Liberal Phase
The first phase of the French revolution where a constitutional monarch was established, nobility was abolished as a legal order along with guilds and monopolies, and the National Assembly attempted to reorder religious life (big mistake).
59
Radical Phase
Second phase of the French Revolution. Radicals gain control of National Assembly becoming the National Convention. The Monarchy is abolished, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette executed, Committee of Public Safety created, Reign of Terror
60
Napoleonic Code
Made the authority of men over their families stronger, deprived women of any individual rights, and reduced the rights of illegitimate children (Cuz his wife, Joséphine, was not super faithful lol).
61
Concordat of 1801
This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power
62
Abolition of provinces and division of France into departments
83 divisions were created to break up France's historical regions to erase cultural differences and build a more homogeneous nation.
63
Secret Police
The Committee of General Security. Robespierre used them to catch and "Anti-revolutionaries" for execution.
64
Nepotism
Favoritism to relatives (Important in the church and french military. Made Napoleon mad.)
65
Bourbons
Powerful family in France. They supported the Huguenot protesters to battle the Guises for political reasons.
66
Congress of Vienna
Meeting of European rulers in Austria post Napoleon getting exiled. Established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe.
67
Womens rule in the French revolution
While not granted full political rights, they engaged in various forms of activism, from demanding bread to forming political clubs and even engaging in violence.
68
Haitian Revolution
A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.
69
Industrial Revolution
A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production. Class struggle and reform.
70
Medieval common lands
Fenced off in the Enclosure Acts passed by English landowning aristocrats that dominated Parliament after the Glorious Revolution
71
Proletariat
working class
72
Child labor laws
laws that control the work that children are permitted to do
73
Factory Act of 1833
An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.
74
Mines Act of 1842
Prohibited the employment of women and girls in underground coal mines and limited the employment of boys to those over ten years old
75
Ten hours act of 1847
Limits the workday to 10 hours for women and children working in factories.
76
Bourgeoisie
middle class
77
Class consciousness
Awareness of one's rank in society
78
Utilitarianism
idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
79
Socialism
Societal ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.
80
Great reform bill
Reformed British house of Commons and expanded voting to more classes. Laid groundwork for further reforms in British constitution
81
Chartist Movement
Expand suffrage (the right to vote) to more people in Britain.
82
Revolutions of 1848
Democratic and nationalist revolutions after the Congress of Vienna, when conservative monarchs were trying to keep power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary, the revolutions failed.
83
Age of Metternich
Reactionaries ruled. Lots of opposition and revolt from countries trying to establish their own freedom such as Poland and Greece.
84
Crimean War
Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industrialize.
85
Greek war of independence
Greeks sought independence from control of the Ottoman Empire. Ottomans defeated Egyptian soldiers
86
Polish Rebellion
Nationalists attempted to overthrow Russian dominance in Poland. Russia crushed it and took control over Poland.
87
Decembrist Revolt in Russia
failed revolt by supporters of Czar Nicholas' brother Constantine, some were executed while others fled to Siberia, made new towns & cultural centers
88
July revolution in France
Overthrow of Charles X. Louis-Philippe came into power, transition of power from Bourbon to Orleans
89
Zollverein
The name of the free trade zone that the German states created in the early 19th century, decades prior to unification.
90
Emancipation of Russian Serfs
Required that the former serfs pay for their freedom in installments.
91
Carlsbad Decrees/Diet
Suppress liberalism and nationalism at universities by restricting freedom of the press, imposing university supervision, and banning nationalist student societies.
92
Prague Conference
Czechs in response to the all-German frankfurt conference, developed the nation of Austroslavism
93
Compromise of 1867
created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
94
Pan-Slavic movement
A Russian attempt to unite all Slavic nations into a commonwealth relationship under the influence of Russia
95
Concert of Europe
A series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions.
96
Unification (German and Italy)
Both regions were fragmented into small states, both leveraged nationalism to promote unity, and both faced wars that contributed to their eventual unification. (Italy: Cavor-Brain, Mazzini-Soul/heart, Garabaldi- Sword. Germany: Bismarck- Realpolitik (practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.)
97
Austro-Prussian War
War between Austrian and Prussian resulting in the unification of the northern german states along with Austria out of German affairs
98
Franco-Prussian War
French and the Germans that brought unification of Germany. Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).
99
Dreyfus Affair
Incident in France where a Jewish captain was tried for treason because they military was anti-Semitic, and it divided the country.
100
Realpolitik
Practical programs rather than moral or ideological considerations.
101
Breach loading gun/needle gun
Faster reloading and a higher rate of fire compared to muzzle-loaders.
102
Congress of Berlin
Assembly of representatives from Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. Meeting was to reorganize the countries of the Balkans - led to greater nationalism.
103
Liberalism
A political ideology emphasizing individual rights, limited government, and laissez-faire economics (Free trade).
104
Pan-Slavism
A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.
105
Romanticism
a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.
106
Meiji Restoration
the modernization and industrialization of Japan in the 1800's
107
Realism
artistic representation that aims for visual accuracy
108
Impressionism
Style of art where painters try to catch visual impressions made by color, light, and shadows
109
Germ theory
the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes
110
Antiseptics
Substances that prevent or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on living tissues. (CLEANER EUROPE!!!!!)
111
Anesthesia
Revolutionized Surgery.
112
Surplus Capital
money they could afford to invest for future profits
113
White Mans Burden
Poem and idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized
114
Social Darwinism
Human selective breeding for "Favorable" traits like race.
115
Sepoy Mutiny
Rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India
116
Open Door policy
American statement that the government did not want colonies in China, but favored free trade there
117
Suez Canal
A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
118
Boxer Rebellion
Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.
119
Zulu Resistance
Failed attempt by people of South Africa to resist foreign interference
120
Opium Wars
Wars between Britain and china caused by the Chinese government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.
121
Russo-Japanese War
War between Russia and Japan. Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control.
122
Colonialism
Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
123
Berlin Conferance
Scramble for Africa. Didn't tell Africa they would divide it among European powers.
124
French-Algerian War
Brutal war of terrorism, guerilla warfare and torture, Algeria gets independence in 1962
125
British East India Company
A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.
126
Dutch East India Company
Joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.
127
Quinene
Treats European infectious disease.
128
Algeciras Conference
International conference called to deal with the Moroccan question. French get Morocco, Germany gets nothing, isolated. Result is U.S, Britain, France, Russia see Germany as a threat.
129
Militarism
Glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war
130
Balkan Wars
Two wars that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe
131
Balkan Crisis
Rivalries among nationalist groups on the Balkan Peninsula
132
Moroccan Crisis
An attempt by Germany to split the British-French alliance and decrease French influence in Morocco which led to a threat of war.
133
WWI
A war fought from 1914 to 1918 between the Allies, Britain, France, Russia, and Italy, and the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. Germany got blamed and had heavy reparations.
134
Schlieffen Plan
Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.
135
Rump parliment
Cromwell purged Parliment of any members who didn't supported him. they next abolished monarchy and the House of Lords. Appointed a special court to try Charles for treason and other crimes. Charles was beheaded in front of the palace at Whitehall on January 30,1649.The execution of the king horrified much of Europe. Oliver Cromwell took control of England.
136
Gallipoli campaign
Failed attempt by the Allies in World War I to take control of the Dardanelles
137
Lusitania
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans.
138
The fourteen points
Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.
139
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.
140
Command economy
Government controls a country's economy.
141
Russian Revolution
The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the removal of Nicholas II and the creation of a temporary government.
142
USSR
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin
143
Constitutinal democrats (Kadets)
Far right political party in the Russian Empire.
144
Revolution of 1905
Angry Russian factory workers and peasants. Emerging nationalist sentiment among the empire's minorities.
145
Duma
Russian legistaive or advisory
146
October Manifesto
Nic. II, attempted to quiet strikes, local revolts, promised freedom of speech and assembly, called the Duma into session
147
Bloody Sunday
peaceful march by russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds
148
Rasputin
Russian peasant monk who was able to influence Russian politics by gaining the confidence of the Czarina
149
March Revolution
Romanov dynasty was removed from power and replaced with the provisional government led by Alexander Kerenski
150
dictator of the proletariat
Lenin handed the government to the people, but soon realized he could not because the people were stupid
151
5-year plans
Stalin's plan to build up Russia's military and industry
152
Farm collectivization
Collect the land and the government would redistribute it out to the people, it was not so successful, the people didn't like it.
153
Communes
Collective farms grouped together to organize farming and plan public services
154
The Purge Trials
Stalin was paranoid and convinced himself of plots within the party and government to unseat him.
155
Iron Curtian
Barrier separating the former Soviet bloc and the West prior to the decline of communism that followed the political events in eastern Europe.
156
Isolationalism
Avoiding involement in other nations affairs
157
Great Depression
the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash
158
Age of Anxiety
time between 1918 and 1950 when the meaning of life was being questioned around the world because of the brutality in World War I, impersonal attitudes, pessimism for future.
159
Stream of Consciousness
A style of writing that portrays the inner (often chaotic) workings of a character's mind.
160
Tariff Policies
Governments raise operating funds through taxes on imported goods. They place foreign merchants at a disadvantage.
161
Keynesianism
Government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation.
162
Surrealism
An artistic movement that showed dream worlds and unreal images.
163
Stock Market Crash
Stocks were sold quickly. Many lost their money. Biggest contributor to the Great Depression.
164
German Weimar Republic
Germany Between WWI and rise of the Nazi party.
165
Fascist
Member of a political party who supports extreme nationalism and a dictator
166
Weimar Constitution
Set up Germany's first democracy by providing for a directly elected president and parliament, setting up a senate, and providing a chancellor.
167
National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP or Nazi party)
Far-right political party in Germany. (You know the rest)
168
Mein Kampf
Book by Hitler. Basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession
169
Nuremberg Laws
Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books. (Think Nazi laws)
170
Holocaust
Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler
171
League of Nations
International organization promoting cooperation and peace among nations
172
Axis powers
Germany, Italy, Japan (WWII)
173
Allied powers
Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France (WWII)
174
Blitzkreig
"Lighting Wars." Quick warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939
175
British Mandate System
Division of the former Ottoman Empire into colonies, without regard for the ethnic groups / religious groups living in the area.
176
Nonaggression Pact
Secret agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union not to attack one another and to divide Poland.
177
Atlantic Charter
Pledge signed by US and Britian not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII andd to work for peace after the war.
178
United Nations
International organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.
179
Armenian Genocide
Destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I
180
New technology of warfare
Improved cannons and artillery could fire great distances with accuracy. Poison gas, tanks, airplanes, and ubmarines
181
Superpowers
Nations stronger than other powerful nations (WWII-USSR and USA)
182
Cold War
US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
183
Marshall Plan
A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (Made Soviets feel like the US wanted control over their territory, which led to anger and COMECON)
184
Morgenthau Plan
Allied proposal to make Germany an farming state after WWII. Industry-rich areas would be annexed or put under international oversight. Heavy industry would be destroyed
185
Blockade of Berlin
USSR wanted to cut off supply lines to US. Responded with the Berlin Airlift.
186
Treaty of Maastricht
Created the European Union for economic unity
187
Balkan wars of 1990s
Followed the breakup of Yugoslavia, primarily driven by ethno-nationalist tensions and the want for independence by republics.
188
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved
189
Korean War
Conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.
190
Baby boom
30 million war babies were born between 1942 and 1950.
191
Schuman and Monnet plan
French and German coal and steel production under a Multinational authority. (ECSC)
192
The Geneva Summit
Meeting of Britain, France, US, and the Soviet Union to help resolve their (Mostly cold war) differences; Largely failed
193
Warsaw pact
Alliance of Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain. USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.
194
Prague Spring
Attempted liberation of Czechoslovakia
195
COMECON
(Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) Oganization for economic cooperation in European Communist states. Response to US' Marshall plan.
196
European Economic Communtiy (EEC)
Promoted free trade and economic cooperation in Europe.
197
Paris Summit
Discuss the "brain drain" caused by people leaving East Berlin for the West and other tensions. It never happened because a U-2 plane was shot down, increasing U.S.-Soviet tensions
198
Common market
Group of countries that acts as a single market without trade barriers between member countries
199
Bay of Pigs
An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba that was sponsored by the United States. Wanted to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
200
Sputnik
The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.
201
Berlin Wall
A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany keep citizens from escaping to the West
202
Brezhnev Doctrine
Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need.
203
Cuban Missile Crisis
US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.
204
Truman Doctrine
Economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism. Mainly helped Greece and Turkey
205
Brain Drain
The loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries
