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AP EURO 2024 > AP EURO UNIT 4 > Flashcards

AP EURO UNIT 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Copernicus

A

Copernicus: Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory, challenging the geocentric model.

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2
Q

Tycho Brahe

A

Tycho Brahe: Danish astronomer known for his accurate astronomical observations.

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3
Q

Galileo

A

Galileo: Italian physicist and astronomer known for his telescopic discoveries and support for the heliocentric model.

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4
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

Johannes Kepler: German astronomer who formulated the laws of planetary motion.

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5
Q

Newton

A

Newton: English mathematician and physicist who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

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6
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Francis Bacon: English philosopher and statesman known for his advocacy of the scientific method.

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7
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Rene Descartes: French philosopher and mathematician famous for his dualism and analytical geometry.

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8
Q

The Enlightenment

A

The Enlightenment: Intellectual movement in Europe characterized by reason, science, and individual rights.

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9
Q

Bernard de Fontenelle

A

Bernard de Fontenelle: French author known for popularizing science through his writings.

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10
Q

Pierre Bayle

A

Pierre Bayle: French philosopher and critic known for his skepticism and defense of religious tolerance.

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11
Q

Skepticism

A

Skepticism: Philosophical position questioning the possibility of certain knowledge.

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12
Q

John Locke

A

John Locke: English philosopher whose ideas influenced modern liberalism and empiricism.

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13
Q

Montesquieu

A

Montesquieu: French political philosopher known for his theory of separation of powers.

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14
Q

Voltaire

A

Francois Marie Arouet (Voltaire): French philosopher and writer known for his advocacy of freedom of speech and religion.

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15
Q

Madame du Chatelet

A

Madame du Châtelet: French mathematician and physicist known for her translation and commentary on Newton’s Principia.

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16
Q

Denis Diderot

A

Denis Diderot: French philosopher and writer who edited the Encyclopédie, a comprehensive compilation of human knowledge.

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17
Q

Rousseau

A

Rousseau: Genevan philosopher known for his social contract theory and advocacy of direct democracy.

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18
Q

Baron Paul d’Holbach

A

Baron Paul d’Holbach: French-German philosopher and encyclopedist known for his atheism and materialism.

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19
Q

Salon

A

Salon: Informal gatherings in Enlightenment-era France where intellectuals discussed ideas.

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20
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

Mary Wollstonecraft: English writer and early feminist known for her advocacy of women’s rights.

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21
Q

Frederick the Great of Prussia

A

Frederick the Great of Prussia: Prussian king known for his patronage of the arts and Enlightenment ideals.

22
Q

Catherine the Great of Russia

A

Catherine the Great of Russia: Russian empress known for her patronage of the arts and Enlightenment reforms.

23
Q

Joseph II Austria

A

Joseph II of Austria: Holy Roman Emperor known for his enlightened absolutist reforms.

24
Q

Moses Mendelssohn

A

Moses Mendelssohn: German Jewish philosopher known for his contributions to the Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment.

25
Q

Open field system

A

Open field system: Traditional agricultural system in Europe characterized by communal land use.

26
Q

Agricultural revolution

A

Agricultural revolution: Period of technological innovation and increased agricultural productivity.

27
Q

Enclosure

A

Enclosure: Process of consolidating and fencing off common lands into individual property.

28
Q

Cottage Industry

A

Cottage industry: Production system in which goods are produced at home by individuals or small groups.

29
Q

Putting out system

A

Putting-out system: System of merchant-capitalists contracting rural workers for textile production.

30
Q

Proletarianization

A

Proletarianization: Process by which individuals become part of the working class, typically in industrial societies.

31
Q

Textile

A

Textile: Fabric or cloth produced by weaving or knitting.

32
Q

Mercantilism

A

Mercantilism: Economic theory advocating state control of trade for national wealth.

33
Q

Navigation Acts

A

Navigation Acts: English laws restricting colonial trade to benefit the mother country.

34
Q

Seven Years War

A

Seven Years’ War: Global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763 involving major European powers.

35
Q

Atlantic Slave Trade

A

Atlantic Slave Trade: Transatlantic trading system involving the forced transportation of enslaved Africans.

36
Q

Olaudah Equiano

A

Olaudah Equiano: Prominent African involved in the British abolitionist movement.

37
Q

Creoles

A

Creoles: People of European descent born in the Americas.

38
Q

Debt peonage

A

Debt peonage: System where laborers are bound to work to pay off debt to employers.

39
Q

Mestizos

A

Mestizos: People of mixed European and indigenous American ancestry.

40
Q

Adam Smith

A

Adam Smith: Scottish economist known as the father of modern economics for his work “The Wealth of Nations.”

41
Q

Laissez-faire

A

Laissez-faire: Economic policy advocating minimal government intervention in markets.

42
Q

Economic liberalism

A

Economic liberalism: Political and economic philosophy emphasizing individual liberty and free markets.

43
Q

Wet-nursing

A

Wet-nursing: Practice of breastfeeding another woman’s child.

44
Q

Infanticide

A

Infanticide: Killing of infants, often due to poverty or social stigma.

45
Q

Pietism

A

Pietism: Protestant movement emphasizing individual piety and religious experience.

46
Q

Methodists

A

Methodists: Protestant denomination emphasizing personal holiness and evangelicalism.

47
Q

Blood Sports

A

Blood sports: Entertainment involving the injuring or killing of animals, such as bullfighting or cockfighting.

48
Q

Carnival

A

Carnival: Festive season preceding Lent, characterized by revelry and celebration.

49
Q

Madam du Coudray

A

Madame du Coudray: French midwife known for her influential obstetrics manual.

50
Q

Illegitimacy explosion

A

Illegitimacy explosion: Increase in births outside of marriage, often due to changing social norms and economic factors.

AP EURO 2024 (5 decks)

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