Ap Europeon History: First Semester "Top 100" (1453-1812)

Question 1

Reconquista

Answer 1

1492- expelling of all non catholics in Spain and the uniting of the families of Isabella and Ferdinand (Aragon +Castile)

Question 2

Humanism

Answer 2

The fixation of mankind/Beauty of the human form/ the practical everyday life and the individual; Petrarch “ Father of Humanism”, greatly stressed during the Renaissance and revived/ exaggerated in Baroque

Question 3

Renaissance

Answer 3

Revival of classical, greco-roman, Latin art. Focusing on humanism, individualism and secularism

Question 4

Hanseatic League

Answer 4

german commercial/military association. Flanders: Crossroad for Hans. traded Flanders Fleet of Venice. Transatlantic discovery for states near ocean = fall of city states; controlled wood, fish,
grain, metal, honey, wine

Question 5

Machiavelli

Answer 5

wrote The Prince in 1513 describing how rulers should be selfish and do whatever it takes to climb the political ladder; “reason of the state”/ Be a ruthless politician

Question 6

Leonardo Da Vinci

Answer 6

Italian Renaissance man: painter, inventor extraordinaire; Mona Lisa 1503, Last Supper 1498, Vitruvian Man 1492; could use all the art skills: symmetry OR asymmetry

Question 7

Brunelleschi

Answer 7

A Renaissance architect who created Il Duomo in Florence, the Pazzi Chapel, and the Medici-sponsored Basilica di San Lorenzo, using decorative architecture pieces like cornices and pediments

Question 8

Donatello

Answer 8

Renaissance artist who created the first, bronze sculpture of David, which was a symbol for Italian strength and nationalism. used Contrapposto: twist = realism

Question 9

Rafeal

Answer 9

Renaissance artist who created the commissioned School of Athens in 1510, which was about the center of Ancient Greek thought, Athens, and the Philosophers (from different time periods) gathered together.

Question 10

Johannes Gutenberg

Answer 10

Renaissance artist who created the commissioned School of Athens in 1510, which was about the center of Ancient Greek thought, Athens, and the Philosophers (from different time periods) gathered together.

Question 11

Michelangeo

Answer 11

Italian Renaissance artist who painted the massive Sistine Chapel ceiling, under threat of the Pope, and created the large, humanist-ly perfect marble David in 1504.

Question 12

Pope Leo X

Answer 12

The son of Italian banker Lorenzo Medici, who was put into the position of archbishop at age 8 and Pope at age 37, and commissioned Rafael

Question 13

Henry VII (England)

Answer 13

Tudor

Question 14

Francis I of France

Answer 14

Valois, Obtained the help of the Ottoman Empire in order for France to renew its contest for Italy during the Italian Wars. Francis won after Francesco II Sforza had fallen and Charles V had signed for Treaty of Crepy

Question 15

Jan Van Eyck

Answer 15

Northern Renaissance, “Arnolfini Wedding and His Wife”mastery of detail and realism

Question 16

Lorenzo/Cosimo de Medici

Answer 16

Famous Bankers in Florence; began as clothing>commerce>real estate>banking; bad leadership/ loans and being expelled from France led to their downfall

Question 17

Francesco Sforza

Answer 17

An Italian Condotteri, a warlord or leader of mercenaries that could be paid/ contracted. He ruled over Milan and threatened to take all land around it. Although he and his successor were defeated in the Italian Wars.

Question 18

Erasmus

Answer 18

The Handbook of the Christian Knight; The Praise of the Folly; reform system; religion should be simplistic; inner religious faith (disliked Luther)

Question 19

John Hus

Answer 19

The Leader of Hussites; helped in the protestant movement a century before Martin Luther; His followers the Hussites fought through 5 consecutive Papal Crusades known as “The Hussite Wars”

Question 20

Thomas More

Answer 20

The writer of “Utopia”

Question 21

Martin Luther

Answer 21

The creator of Lutheranism and fought for separation Protestantism in order to separate it’s self with the corrupt roman catholic

Question 22

Charles V (HRE)

Answer 22

Sack or Rome? Fought against Francis I (France) In the Italian Wars/

Question 23

Peace of Augsburg

Answer 23

schmalkaldic wars resolution, Lutheranism is allowed

Question 24

Jean Calvin

Answer 24

Founder of Calvinism( Weber thesis: Calvinism + Capitilism)

Question 25

Ulrich Zwingli

Answer 25

Founder of Zwinglism, Radical Catholics

Question 26

Henry VIII (England)

Answer 26

Act of Supremacy= The king is the one true ruler over state and church; Separating England from Catholic Church;

Question 27

Jesuits

Answer 27

Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, a warrior wounded in battle that went through religious conversion; wrote Spiritual Exercises to follow the teachings of Jesus Christ; Approved by Pope Paul III; served as God's "soldiers"

Question 28

Council of Trent

Answer 28

stop the church's corruption; indulgences, corrupted bishops and unruly church spendings

Question 29

French Wars of Religion

Answer 29

Catholics Vs Huguenots; St Bartholomew's Day religious/ dynastic conflict; believed to have been started be Catherine de Medici

Question 30

Henri IV (France)

Answer 30

fought in FWoR; Henry of Navarre; switched from protestantism to catholicism for support after his succesion to throne when his cousin Henry the III died with no heir; had a high amount or religious tolerance (Edict of Nantes allowing religious liberties)

Question 31

Edict of Nantes

Answer 31

Approved by Henry IV of France/ promoted civil unity; Allowed the Huguenots (Calvinists Protestants of France) rights to be called catholic still; allowing them to stay

Question 32

Elizabeth I ( England)

Answer 32

Virgin, the English Book of Common Prayer, Defeated the Spanish Armada in

Question 33

Puritans

Answer 33

Radical Catholics in England; similar to calvinists

Question 34

Old Imperialism

Answer 34

Taking foreign Land for an Empire

Question 35

Magellan

Answer 35

saled aroung the world, first to attempt to circumnavigate

Question 36

Columbus

Answer 36

Italian, found America (mistaked for India)

Question 37

Price revolution

Answer 37

Influx of gold/ Silver +Rising European Population led to the steady rise of prices in 16th century; i.e more gold makes gold worth less

Question 38

Joint-Stock Company

Answer 38

We all own- Parts of company

Question 39

Mercantilism

Answer 39

economic theory the the total volume of global goods was unchangeable; therefore gold (bullion) should flow in, exports sold out, and favorable balance of trade should be maintained

Question 40

Witchcraft

Answer 40

the magic of women, midwives/treason

Question 41

30 yr's War

Answer 41

Catholics vs Protestants. P1: Bohemian, P2: Danish Phase, P3 Swedish Phase, P4 French Phase. Peace of Westphalia: The princes decide the religion

Question 42

Absolutism

Answer 42

The Monarchy is the Divine ruler over church and state.

Question 43

Richelieu

Answer 43

Louis XIV’s 1st regent. "Raisin d'état" or reason of the state; helped during the 30 years war; decided to go against the HRE

Question 44

Mazarin

Answer 44

Helped during Louis xvi to crush the Fronde

Question 45

Fredrick the Great of Prussia

Answer 45

Fritz, The war of Austrian Succession, the 7 Years War, Heavily Militaristic enlightened absolutist

Question 46

Versailles

Answer 46

The Nobles Palace/ Playground by Louis XIV. Contained 2,000 bedrooms and over 600 water fountains; main artistic style Baroque/Roccoco

Question 47

English Civil War

Answer 47

Parliament ( Cromwell ) Vs Monarchy Charles I of England [* "James the 1st did the Bible, Charles I was Parliament's rival, Charles II disemboweled Cromwell, & James the 2nd said farewell"*] -written by Andrew Genshaft/ Courtesy of Tara Nash

Question 48

Oliver Cromwell

Answer 48

member of parliament;Fought against Charles I of England; after taking out monarchy became corrupted and turned against parliament and ignoring them to become a dictator; died but body take by Charles II in revenge for his family

Question 49

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 49

the writer of the Leviathan; called for need of Absolutism/ Machiavelli be a ruthless leader

Question 50

Phillip II of Spain

Answer 50

the most Catholic King, married to Elizabeth I

Question 51

Peter the Great

Answer 51

Grand would Tour ( Europe) Reformed Russia to be more western instead of stuck in the past; coup d'etat by his wife Catherine the Great; fought in great northern wars that fought for access to the baltic sea for trade; fought Sweden and Poland for it ; won with treaty of Nystadt, taking control of Lithuania, Estonia and Ingria

Question 52

Glorious Revolution

Answer 52

1688, the Stuarts leave the english throne peacfully/diplomaticlly + no blood shed

Question 53

Baroque/Rococo

Answer 53

styles during Versailles, focused on the power of march and exaggeration of weatlh.

Question 54

Rembrant

Answer 54

protestant artist; famous for self portraits, mythological (europa's abduction); stressed emotion and motive

Question 55

William Shakespear

Answer 55

literature; revival in mythological and literature art; Romeo and Juliet/ Macbeth; praised by romantics

Question 56

Philosophes

Answer 56

Ethics (right or wrong), Logic (reasoning, Epistemology (human limits), metaphysics, Politics (government), aesthetics (art and beauty); Socrates+Socratic method, virtue is wisdom

Question 57

Rationalism

Answer 57

The theory that knowledge can be obtained from reason and logic (mind); Heavy during the enlightenment; Spinoza, aristotle, Plato Galileo Galilei

Question 58

Empiricism

Answer 58

The theory that knowledge can be obtained from pyhsical/ external objects

Question 59

Copernicus

Answer 59

formulated the heliocentric model which placed the Sun in the center of solar system and no the Earth

Question 60

Galileo

Answer 60

Father of modern physics, oversvational astronomy, science and modern science; improved the telescope and supported copernicanism was tried for heresy against the churches teachings by Pope Urban VIII

Question 61

Voltaire

Answer 61

Supported/ favored England's ability to tolerate over thirty religions happily; despised absolutism because of lack or toleration d freedom for religion

Question 62

Enlightened Monarchs

Answer 62

Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Joseph II of Hungary, Fredrick the Second of Prussia

Question 63

Catherine the Great

Answer 63

coup d'état over her Husband Peter the Great; Created the National Library of Russia; friends with Diderot whom said " be more tolerant, humane and reasonable"

Question 64

War of Spanish Succession

Answer 64

Louis XIV sick and childless gave thron to grandson King Phillip V of Spain. England, united provinces, Habsburg and German states did not want this because then Spain and France would conjoin; ending with with Peace of Utrecht and Rastatt which allowed Phillip to rule but forced Spain and France to stay seperate

Question 65

Seven Year's War

Answer 65

Austria+France+Russia vs Prussia+England; Continuation of War of Austrian Succesion; Austria switches allies from England to France in hopes to defeat Prussia( allied with England; ended with Treaty or Paris and Hubertusberg changing no major borders, allowing Prussia to keep Silesia

Question 66

American Revolution

Answer 66

America vs Britain for America's Independence; first big continental independence from a major nation; influenced by ideas of enlightenment philosophers (i.e John Lock)

Question 67

War of Austrian Succession

Answer 67

Before Seven Years War;Maria Theresa Austria Vs Fredrick II Prussia over the land Silesia; ending with Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle and Prussia gaining Silesia to finally connect Prussia.

Question 68

Maximillian Robespierre

Answer 68

Member of Estates General, Constituant Assembly, Committee of Public Safety; attempted to purge girodins from France during the reign of terror with the help of the National guard( Marquis de Lafeyette)

Question 69

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 69

"The social Contract" believed democracy was better than a monarchy, political decisions are based on the general will ( social contract)

Question 70

Estates General

Answer 70

a representative from every estate, mainly bourgeois lawyers majority in french "parliament"

Question 71

Mozart

Answer 71

Neoclassical; Chamber composer for Joseph II; Jupiter Symphoney

Question 72

Abbe Sieye

Answer 72

“what is the third estate: everything, what are they seen as: nothing, what do they want to become: something”

Question 73

National Assembly

Answer 73

Constituent Assembly; filled with nobles that raised taxes; unable for nobles to cooperate the 3rd estate took control of assembly to create a new constitution and pledged to do so until finished in the Tennis Court oath; taking Louis XVI's weapons in the Fall of Bastille made him powerless and could not enforce anything/ saving National Assembly from Louis XVI's wrath

Question 74

Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 74

Originally Italian and named Napoleone Buonaparte; a Millitary General who name himself king of France with full support of the french after solving frances economic crisses by taxing luxury items rather that basic needs/ attempted to make a French Empire/ could not defeat England or take over Moscow/ was exiled but returned to France in attempts to recreate his empire/ Died at the Battle of Waterloo/ Achievments: Makes France Catholic once again with popes forgiveness

Question 75

Louis XVI/ Marrie Antoinette

Answer 75

Louis XVI: taxed essential items (bread/salt) led France into debt and financial crisis; Marrie Antoinette: spent wealth on lavish goods leading France into bankruptcy; Indecisiveness and conservatism led him to his downfall and beheaded by the National Convention under high treason

Question 76

Jacques-Louis David

Answer 76

A painter whom specialized in neoclassicism, " Oath of the Horatti" artistic style influenced the ideas of duty and state( self sacrifice to state and patriotism/nationalism)

Question 77

John Locke

Answer 77

believed in the basic rights to live freely,

Question 78

Edmund Burke

Answer 78

Criticized the French Revolution, " the reflection of the French revolution"; called for strict government to enforce obedience and laws not a free goverment

Question 79

Ancien Regime

Answer 79

Bad Harvest, Financial crisis from monarchy spendings, food shortages and Unemplyoment during the reign of Louis XVI and Marian Antoinette

Question 80

Great Fear

Answer 80

overall state of hysteria and paranoia about foreign invasion and the peasant class rising to kill their nobles and get the property documents

Question 81

sans-culottes

Answer 81

"without-fancy pants" the rebelious working class against the monarchy

Question 82

Olympe de Gouges

Answer 82

A femine activist that demanded women have the same rights as men "Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen

Question 83

Committee of Public Safety

Answer 83

A groups of officials, top 11 ( w/ robespiere), who enforced the governments (montagnes)

Question 84

Jacobins

Answer 84

A club or group of people whom all disliked the monarchy, some more radical (montagnes) whom wish to kill the king than those who just simply did not like him

Question 85

Girondins

Answer 85

Less radical Jacobins that simply disliked King Louis XVI; attempted to be purged by its radical brothern during the Reign of Terror

Question 86

Continental System

Answer 86

Napoleons efforts to blockade all european trading routes to England in order to cut off England's resources during the Napoleonic Wars

Question 87

Directory

Answer 87

During the Thermidorian Reaction and the killing of the radical leaders (i.e Robespierre) a new body of five directors held executve powers, National Convention and the consulate; went out of power once the country had grown tired of bloodshed and radicals

Question 88

Agricultural Revolution

Answer 88

The farming industry benefitted from the Industrial revolution because it allowed faster and more efficient growing with the help of advanced technology (i.e steam engine, coal)

Question 89

Utilitarianism

Answer 89

Proper course of action will maximize ones utility ( happiness brings less suffering) Biggest contributors Jeremy Bentham and Stuart Mill," Utilitarianism" by Mill explains that to do as one would be done by and loving ones neighbor as ones self is true ideal utilitarian morality"

Question 90

Utilitarianism

Answer 90

x

Question 91

Factory System

Answer 91

Replaced Putting-out system, consisting mianly of machinery powered by water, steam, coal or in the future electricity

Question 92

Luddites

Answer 92

People who hated factories/ Machines due to bad business for craftsmen

Question 93

Beethoven

Answer 93

Romanticism; Fur Elise, Fifth Symphony and Eroica; emphasizing legato, elegance, "traveling through all the emotions" passionate and simplistic

Question 94

romanticism

Answer 94

To emphasize feeling , opposite or realism

Question 95

William Wordsworth

Answer 95

Romanticist poet, We murder to Dissect

Question 96

Nationalism

Answer 96

patriotism, pride in ones ethnics origins

Question 97

Hanovers

Answer 97

Ruling dynasty of England/ Britain; Came into Power after Anne the Great Britain died with no heirs and the Act of Settlement 1701 only allowed protestants to take the English throne. His Prime Minister was Sir Robert Walpole

Question 98

Capitilism

Answer 98

the conomic system of free market; Freedom to buy/sell

Question 99

Charlemagne/ HRE

Answer 99

Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III; Carolingian;800-1814~

Question 100

Three-field system:

Answer 100

system of farming in which 2 fields were worked at a time, with a third with nothing to get its nutrients back, rotating constantly

Question 101

Serf/Peasant

Answer 101

: lower class farmers during feudalism, serfs were more slave-like; “third estate”

Question 102

Chivalry:

Answer 102

the medieval system of knights and their religious, moral, and social code.

Question 103

Scholasticism:

Answer 103

“reconcile reason and faith”

Question 104

Thomas Aquinas:

Answer 104

scholastic; Summa Theologica 1274 was an attempt to prove god, “By doubting we come to inquiry, through inquiry to the truth”

Question 105

Decameron

Answer 105

: written by Giovanni Boccaccio in 1353, he described the Black Plague as the Wrath of God and that it was a punishment for a lack of faith in people

Question 106

Counter Reformation

Answer 106

Catholic revival in response to Protestant Reformation; : Consisted of Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration, Religious orders, Spiritual movements, Political dimensions; Initiated Council of Trent to stop the church's corruption