AP EXAM

Question 1

Situation with one goal that has desirable and undesirable aspects, a pro and a con — makes one unsure

Answer 1

Approach-avoidance conflict

Question 2

Adolescents developing a sense of identity, exploring different social roles

Answer 2

Erikson’s stage of identity vs role confusion

Question 3

Transferring emotion burden from one entity to another, blaming someone else for something bad

Answer 3

Defense mechanism of displacement

Question 4

When a person has been under stress for such a long time that it weakens their immune system

Answer 4

Exhaustion stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

Question 5

Releases cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine during fight or flight

Answer 5

Adrenal Gland

Question 6

Branches extending from the cell body that receive chemical messages via neurotransmitters

Answer 6

Dendrites

Question 7

Long tube-like extension that sends electrical message (action potential) away from the cell body of the neuron

Answer 7

Axon

Question 8

Regularly spaced gaps in myelin sheath along the axon that enable ion exchange

Answer 8

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 9

Extremely narrow space between terminal button of the sending neuron and the receptor site of the receiving dendrite — location of neurotransmission

Answer 9

Synapse

Question 10

Pleasure, reward, movement, learning, attention

Lack: Parkinson’s
Excess: Schizophrenia

Answer 10

Dopamine

Question 11

Memory and movement

Lack: Alzheimer’s
Excess: Muscle Convulsions

Answer 11

Acetylcholine (AcH)

Question 12

Mood, appetite, sleep

Lack: Depression, eating disorders, sleep wake disorders, aggression

Answer 12

Serotonin

Question 13

Mood and sleep

Lack: Depression
Excess: Anxiety

Answer 13

Norepinephrine

Question 14

Memory and learning

Excess: Migraines and Seizures

Answer 14

Glutamate

Question 15

Relaxation and sleep, major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Lack: Anxiety, seizures, insomnia

Answer 15

GABA

Question 16

Inhibit pain signals

Lack: lower pain threshold, heroin and opioid addiction
Excess: higher pain threshold, runners high

Answer 16

Endorphins

Question 17

Automatic survival functions, send and receive information, damage will result in death

Answer 17

Brainstem

Question 18

“Little Brain” Balance and coordination, fine motor movements, procedural memory

Answer 18

Cerebellum

Question 19

Sleep and arousal, dreams, facial expressions, a pillow atop the brain stem

Answer 19

Pons

Question 20

Survival functions, heartbeat, breathing, digestion, reflexes, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, swallowing

Answer 20

Medulla ❤️

Question 21

Arousal to stimuli, attentiveness, filters incoming stimuli - damage causes coma

Answer 21

Reticular formation

Question 22

Smooth voluntary body movements, lack of dopamine hurts and causes Parkinson’s

Answer 22

Basal Ganglia

Question 23

Filters and relays sensory information except smell to appropriate parts of cerebral cortex, banker that manages all the money

Answer 23

Thalamus

Question 24

Three parts of the limbic system

Answer 24

Hippocampus, Amyglada, Hypothalamus

Question 25

Relays information between two hemispheres of the brain

Answer 25

Corpus callosum

Question 26

Conscious thoughts and actions, working memory, short term and long term planning

Answer 26

Prefrontal cortex

Question 27

Controls facial muscle movements required for speech production

Answer 27

Broca’s Area

Question 28

Touch and body position, left controls sensation for right side of body, and right controls sensation for left side of body

Answer 28

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Question 29

Language comprehension, meaningful statements

Answer 29

Wernicke’s Area

Question 30

Classical Conditioning Person

Answer 30

Pavlov

Question 31

Operant conditioning person

Answer 31

Skinner

Question 32

Learning theory person

Answer 32

Thorndike

Question 33

Behaviorists

Answer 33

Watson and Garcia

Question 34

Wolfgang Kohler, unique solutions, “aha” moment

Answer 34

Insight learning

Question 35

Thinking about thinking

Answer 35

Metacognition

Question 36

Memory that registers auditory info

Answer 36

Echoic memory

Question 37

Memory that registers visual info

Answer 37

Iconic memory

Question 38

Declarative, when we try to consciously recall information

Answer 38

Explicit memory

Question 39

Non-declarative, info we unintentionally remember

Answer 39

Implicit memory

Question 40

Remembering to do or not do something in the future

Answer 40

Prospective memory

Question 41

Herman Ebbinghouse’s idea that memory deteriorates over time and needs reinforcement to remmeber

Answer 41

Forgetting Curve

Question 42

Elizabeth Loftus’ idea of how memory changes by what one is told

Answer 42

Misinformation effect

Question 43

Associating memory with something in a familiar place, mneumonic

Answer 43

Method of Loci

Question 44

Making a conclusion about someone based on past knowledge/prototype/schema — assuming a nurse is a woman

Answer 44

Representative heuristic

Question 45

Things easy to recall, assuming your plane will crash because you heard a crash on the news the day before

Answer 45

Availability heuristic

Question 46

Only looking for information that support your beliefs and ignore the information that goes against beliefs

Answer 46

Confirmation Bias

Question 47

Cultural norms on how to express an emotion

Answer 47

Display Rules

Question 48

Thinking about information in a meaningful way to remember it better, remembering a number by associating it with an address

Answer 48

Semantic encoding

Question 49

Structuralism Person

Answer 49

Edward Titchner

Question 50

Functionalism person

Answer 50

William James

Question 51

Physiological arousal then emotion

Answer 51

James Lange Theory

Question 52

Physiological and emotion at same time

Answer 52

Cannon Bard Theory

Question 53

Physiological arousal then identifying reason using a cognitive to be label - then emotion

Answer 53

Schachter Singer (two factor)