AP EXAM Flashcards

Question

necessary and propwe clause/ elastic clause

Answer 1

article I section 8, make any kaw needed to uphold powers in constiution

Answer 2

-example of 'balance of power tipping in federal gov's advantage" -necessary and proper clause implied certian powers given to the federal gov't even if they arent explecitly mentioned in constitution -supremancy clause ment where the two conflict, federal law trumps state law | federalism

Answer 3

-ex of power tipping towards states -congress had used commerce clause to ban guns on school property, court decideded that carrying guns to school is in noo way related ti interstate commerce | federalism

Answer 4

enviromental regulations: Paris agreement (obama) impoaed regulations on states -legalization of marijuana (1996) Claifornia legalized medically, can see what works on small scale to try on a larger scale | federalism

Answer 5

two houses needed to pass a law

Answer 6

#by population, serve 2 years, know constituency better, 435 members

Answer 7

2 per state, 100 members, 6 year terms, more constitutional responsibilities than house, less able to know constituency

Answer 8

to make law process more effectibe -durability of workong relationships are effected by term length differences | senate: longer lasting

Answer 9

explicity listed in Aricle I section 8 of constitution -federal funding, foreign policy, unitary legislation

Answer 10

raise revenue through taxation, coin $ for uniform currency, pass a federal budget

Answer 11

power to declare warm raise armies, pass draft laws, direct funding to armed forces

Answer 12

congress can pass any law that is required by enumerated powera, end of article I section 8 (necessary and proper/ elastic clause) ## Footnote ex: Alecander Hamilton argued necessary and propwer cause allowed for establishment of a national bank

Answer 13

1. speaker of the house 2. minority and majority leaders 3. whips

Answer 14

-house memebers will chose this leader, speaker will always be of majority party | house

Answer 15

direct debates, guide their party members in policy issues | house

Answer 16

1 for each party, render party discipline, make sure party mebers walk in line with party goals | house and senate

Answer 17

1. president of the senate 2.president Pro Tempore 3.. Senate Majority Leader 4. Whips

Answer 18

VP, non-voting member, votes tp break tie | senate

Answer 19

most senior member of majority party, has authroity to act as pres of senate when VP is not present | senate

Answer 20

sets legislative agenda (which bills reach the floor) | senate

Answer 21

small groups of represenatives who can debate and draft legislation

Answer 22

comittees that endure a long time ex: senate: Standing Comittee on budgjet house: House Judiciary Committee

Answer 23

members from both the house and senate ex: joint comittee on the library of congress

Answer 24

temporary and created for a specific purpose ex: Watergate investigation

Answer 25

formed to reconcile differences in legislation

Answer 26

mandate limited debate -hous rules committee committee of the house discharge petition

Answer 27

decides which bills make it to floor for debate | house

Answer 28

includes all 435 represenatives | house

Answer 29

used to force bill out of committee for debate and voting

Answer 30

unlimited debate/ fillibuster -unanimous consent | senate

Answer 31

an attempt to stall or kill a bill by talking for a very long time -cloture rule: 3/5ths vote to end fillibuster | senate

Answer 32

can agree to limit debate in order to avoid fillibuster; any objection=a hold | senate

Answer 33

1. introduced by either house 2. assigned to a committee and may undergo changes 3. if bill passes, goes to president for signing

Answer 34

-created by congress -mandatory spending and discressionary spending + deficit

Answer 35

payments required by law. ## Footnote ex: entitlement spending (social security), Medicare, Medicade, interest oayments on debt

Answer 36

all funds remaining after mandatroy spending, paying federal employees

Answer 37

gap between budget and actual funds available

Answer 38

Trustee, Delegate, politico

Answer 39

they have been entrusted witth the people's faith to vote acoording to represenatives best judgement

Answer 40

they must vote with will of peop;e, evwn if it goes against their judgement

Answer 41

a belnd between trustee and deleagate model, vote depends on situaton

Answer 42

redrawing of boundries represnatives represent

Answer 43

TN had not redrawn districts i over 60 years, Urban population had grown greater than rural -violated equal protection clause of 14th amendment, one person one vote: distrcits must be drawn in order to evenly distribute voting power -apportionment issues are justicible | redistricting/ gerrymandering

Answer 44

constitutionallity of drawing districts based on race, racial gerrymandering is unconstitutional | redistricting/ gerrymandering

Answer 45

in constitution ex: veto, commander in chief (head of military, executive agreements (between other states) ## Footnote `

Answer 46

pocket veto, barganning and persuasion, executive order, signing statement, cabinet, ambassadors, white house staff, federal court

Answer 47

if a bill doesnt sign a bill in 10 days

Answer 48

has force of federal law, mainly direct actions of military and bureaucracy

Answer 49

informs nation how executive branch interprets law

Answer 50

presidential team of advisors who lead each of the exceutiveagencies

Answer 51

to go to other countries

Answer 52

employed with no congressional confirmation

Answer 53

"bully pulpit;" pres can speak directly to the people ex: state of the union, radio/TV, social media ## Footnote trump: "tweeter in chief"

Answer 54

bottom--> top U.S district courts (94), U.S Circut Court of appeals (12), Supreme Court (1)

Answer 55

have origional jurisdiction (rigth to hear case for the 1st time)

Answer 56

appelate jursidiciton (hear appeals from other courts)

Answer 57

had both otigional and appellate jurisdiction depening on type of case

Answer 58

Hamilton argues independence of judicial branch acted as a protection for its power,lifetime appointment, right of judicial review | judical branch

Answer 59

cemented power of judical review ## Footnote judical branch

Answer 60

idea that court acts to establish policy and considers more thanjust constitutionality of decision, considers broader effects on society

Answer 61

a law should only be struck down if it violates the written word of the constitution

Answer 62

president can appoint new judges, lack of enforcement (of decisions) by executive gov, legislatio to invalidate decision

Answer 63

falls under authority of executive branch

Answer 64

1. Cabinent Secretaries 2. agencies 3. commissions 4. government coorporations

Answer 65

leaders of 15 executive departments ## Footnote department of Energy, homeland security, Department of Defence

Answer 66

work together to accomplish goals of the departement ## Footnote IRS (Internal Revenue Service)

Answer 67

regulatory groups who operate somewhat independently from the president -run by a board of individuals -usually created for a specific purpose ## Footnote ex: Federal communications comissions (FCC)

Answer 68

hybrid of buisness and government agency -aquires buisnesses when they want to offer a public good for free ## Footnote ex: PBS

Answer 69

authoriy given by congress on how to make rules and carry out laws

Answer 70

establish rules or certian industries, making sure industries are complying with rules -issue fines when laws are violated

Answer 71

buraucratic agents, comgressional commitees, and interest groupd rely on eachother to create policy -members of congressional comitties helped by interest groups: 1. provide them with policy information 2. provide campaign donations if the represenativeis sympathetic to groups goals -hinders or helps: 1. interest groups activity can be influenced by inequality of political and economic recources 2. unequal access to decsion makers

Answer 72

1. homeland security: protects from terrorism; maintains and controls noarders 2. Transportation: exactly. 3. Veteran's AffairsL manages veterans hospitals, general welfare 4. Education: overseas states and their implentation of federal educational standards 5. enviromental protection agency 6. federal elections comission ## Footnote president appoints members, but cannot fire regulatory commission heads

Answer 73

examination required to enter buraucratic agencies

Answer 74

1. congress can hold commitee hearings to ensure laws are being upheld in a way that reflects its intent (can call on agencies to testify) 2. power of the purse: comgress allocates funds to differentangenices and spending has to be chekced 3. bureaucratic decisions can be challanged in court

Answer 75

-1st 10 amendments in constitution designed to protect civil liberties -protect citizens from intrusion by vederal government ## Footnote federalists: in favor of powerful centeral gov so james madison didnt feel need for bill of rights; compromised and included it anti federalists: in favor of powerful states, wouldnt sign a constitution w/o a bill of rights

Answer 76

protects freedoms of speech, religion, pressm assembly, and petition

Answer 77

keep and bear arms

Answer 78

protetcts against unreasonable seaches and seizures of personal property

Answer 79

deals w/ rights of citizens when they are accused of a crime

Answer 80

explains process for when a perso is accused of a crime and explains protection to which they are entitled

Answer 81

guarantees right to trial by jury

Answer 82

proetcts against creul and unusual punishment

Answer 83

if there are rights not mentioned, their exclusion from the list doesnt mean such rights aren't protected

Answer 84

any powers not explicitly granted to the federal government by constutution are given to the states

Answer 85

balance between religious practice of majority and free exersize of minority religious pratice establishment clause; Johnson amendment

Answer 86

congress cannot establish any national religion

Answer 87

churches recieving tax exemption their preachers cannot endorse canidates

Answer 88

court ruled state-sponsored praters in public schools unconstitutionsl ## Footnote 1st amendment

Answer 89

compkained Wisconisn Law of compulsary school violated free exersize clause of their religion, court agreed | 1st amendment

Answer 90

-students in Iowa wore black armbands in support against vietnam war + were suspended -court agreeded 1st amendment rights have been violated no act of disruption, only dear of disruption | 1st amendment

Answer 91

Shenck v US: handing out pamphlets that promoted going againts draft -pamphlets incited unlawful action, this speech created a clear and present danger to society | 1st amendment

Answer 92

new standard for "clear and present danger rule" determening harmfulness of speech

Answer 93

when a goc tries to restrict a story prior to publicaiton, very high standard | ex; NYT V US

Answer 94

Pentagon papers leaked to NYT and Wahsington Post, demonstrating Nixion lied, he envoked prior restaint -court ruled freedom of press more than prior restraint; heavy pursumption

Answer 95

-applied Heller decision and its commitment ot individual liberty for gun owenership to the states | 2nd amendment

Answer 96

process by which bill of rights is applied to the states ## Footnote ex: 14th amendment, McDonald V Chicago

Answer 97

-impossible to own a handgun, if second amendment allowed citizens of washington DC to own handguns, that should be the case for states ## Footnote -selective incorpotation through 14th amendment

Answer 98

-required to accuse anyone of a crime/ when governement wants to infringe on someones rights 5th amendment: federal gov 14th amendment: applies 5th amendment to states

Answer 99

constitutionally established guarantees and freedoms that protect citizens against arbitrary government interference

Answer 100

evidence gathered in violation of the 4th amendment will be excluded from a person's trial

Answer 101

-incorporated 6th amendment to states -Gedeon tries in a FL court w/o a lawyer and got comvicted, appealed, and won

Answer 102

court established right to privacy as an implicit right based on: 1st, 4th, 5th, 9th, and 14th amendments

Answer 103

-gov cannot ptohibit contraceptives to a marries couple, gov couldnt infringe om couples rightss to privacy when making decisons about their health | right to privacy

Answer 104

when a woman couldn't recieve an abortion in texas, ryled right of personal privacy included abortion decision, can be considered against state resitrictions, not absolite may be tempered by states unless mother;s health.life is at risk | right to privacy

Answer 105

King argues that he and his fellow demonstrations have a duty to fight for justice.  It is up to the oppressed to take charge and demand equality.  Segregation is used to debase one population (blacks) while uplifting another (whites), which makes it immoral in the eyes of God. Immoral laws are laws that are neither just nor fair. According to St. Augustine's logic, unjust laws aren't actually laws, so they don't have to be followed. King believes people are under a moral obligation to oppose segregation by refusing to abide by the so-called laws that govern the practice.  White Americans who say they agree with the notion of desegregation but criticize the manner in which civil rights activists go about achieving it are the biggest obstacle standing in the way of racial equality. The demeaning and "paternalistic" attitude of white moderates shows a lack of real understanding about the realities of segregation. It is this group that perpetuates the notion that time, not human intervention, will be the great equalizer—which discourages others to join the campaign for civil rights.  The civil rights movement will ultimately be successful because "the goal of America is freedom." MLK's respone to white clergy men who said protests should wait ## Footnote BIG IDEA: The Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause as well as other constitutional provisions have often been used to support the advancement of equality.

Answer 106

1920 recognized women's right to vote

Answer 107

wanted to pass ERA

Answer 108

banned descrimination based on sex; weakly enforced

Answer 109

guranateed women would have the same opportunities as men in educational institutions that recived federal funding

Answer 110

under Clinton, gay men and women can serve in the military, but they cannot tell anyone they are gay and the military wil ont ask -Obama overturned, openly gay people can serve

Answer 111

seperate but equal doctrine established

Answer 112

noverturned sperate but rqual doctrine and ordered that schools be intergrated -racial segregation is inherently unequal

Answer 113

illegal to descriminate against voters

Answer 114

affirmitive action: policies enacted that cater groups who have been historically discriminated against debate: is i constitutional to hve nminority quotas in various institutions? is the constitution colorblind?

Answer 115

racial desrimination by law | ex: Jim Crow ## Footnote struck down by Brown v. Board of Edu

Answer 116

racial segregation by personal choice ## Footnote ex: the Great Migration of black americans to the north led to many whites to flee to suburbs

Answer 117

cherish established institutions ans seek to preserve themselbes for the good of society

Answer 118

push for reforms to make society more just and equal

Answer 119

1. individualism 2. equality of opportunity 3. free enterprise 4. rule of law 5. limited government

Answer 120

c: value self-centered indiciudalism, emphaisizes individual above society l: value enligjhtened individualism emphaiszes interests of society above interests of individual

Answer 121

c: believe in power of meritocracy, every on in America rises based on their own toil L: agree with idea of meritocracy w/ conditionl believe not all groups start and the same plae

Answer 122

c: want the gov to stay out of the affairs of buisness and allow the free market determine what's best l: want gov to intervene with appropriate regulations to enaure saftey and equality in the work place

Answer 123

c: see laws themselves as embodying equality, emphaiseze letter of the law l: embrace need of governement intervention in society, for sake of the greater good

Answer 124

family, schools, peers, media, civic groups/religion, globalization

Answer 125

older: more likely conservatibe younger: more likely liberal ## Footnote silent generation: great depression, Roosevelt expaneed power with new deals policy, trust in gov to intervene baby boomers: watergate scandal, loss trust in gov millineals: 9/11 terrorist attacks from US intervention, keep sense of foreign policy

Answer 126

1. ?s are free from bias 2. presenting ?s to a small, random group of people 3. generalizing results to larger population

Answer 127

feel for public opinion on a topic/ issue

Answer 128

gives basis to compare to other polls to check canidates progress

Answer 129

track how a group feels abt an issue over time

Answer 130

conducted at voting sites to ask people how they voted/ will vote

Answer 131

people are more likley to support a canidate who is polling well

Answer 132

-social desirability answer: people choose an answer they dont follow through with -non-responce bias: certian groups are more likely to respond to public opinion polls than others ## Footnote ex: 2016 election polls predicted a Hillary win

Answer 133

decisions governement makes about spending and taxation

Answer 134

decisions government makes about how much money should be in the economy | federal reserve

Answer 135

can take money in an out of economy by: 1. buying/selling government bonds 2. setting reserve requirements 3. setting interest rate

Answer 136

fiscal policy, FDR during Great depression made new deal -more government spending | liberal

Answer 137

fiscal policy less governement tax and welfare, less government regulations on buisness, support buisness and supply/demand ## Footnote conservative

Answer 138

least amount of governement intervention, minimal government programs, gov should only protect property

Answer 139

abolished poll tax

Answer 140

lowered voting age from 21 to 18

Answer 141

1. rational choice voting 2. retorspective voting 3. perspective voting 4. party line voting

Answer 142

person votes based on individual self interest, carefully studies issues and platforms

Answer 143

person votes based on recent past track record of politician in question

Answer 144

person votes on predictions on how a party/canidate will preform in the future

Answer 145

person votes for all canidates of their party

Answer 146

voter ID laws

Answer 147

citizens belief about whether or not their vote matters

Answer 148

1.party identification/ideological orientation 2.canidate character 3.political issue 4.religion/gender/race/age

Answer 149

societal structures that connects people to their government ex: political parties, interest groupds, elections, media

Answer 150

1. mobilization and education of voters 2. write and publicsh party platform 3. find quality canidates

Answer 151

winner take all voting districts -incorporation of 3rd party agendas ito the two major parties

Answer 152

group of poeple who gatger around a policy issue in order to pursuade policymakers to pass legislation favorable to the group 1. educare voters and officeholders on issue 2. engage in lobbying 3. draft legislation 4. moblilize its members to apply pressure on and work with legislators and governement ## Footnote ex: PETA, NRA, NAACP

Answer 153

1. good at getting nations attention 2. intertest groups draft potential legislation to present to law makers 3. political parties and bureau agencies get involved 4. burau agencies figure out rules and regulations needed to execute and nimplement law 5. law is implemented well or not (if not cycle repeats)

Answer 154

1. primaries/ caucuses 2. general election

Answer 155

memebers of party vote on which canidate they want to respreant them in the general election

Answer 156

any registered voter can vote in either parties primary, but not both | some states, like Georgia

Answer 157

only people registered with the party can vote in those primaries ## Footnote some states like New York

Answer 158

some states dont hold primaries to elect nominee, instead of voting priavtley peole discuss and debate together and they vote publically, whoever is chosen is presented at a national convention

Answer 159

1. already has won an election, so know how its done 2. people will know how they will act as president 3. already has volunteers and fundraisers ready to help with another campaign

Answer 160

each state has same # of electors as congressional represenatives -to win election, canidate needs a minimum of 270 electoral votes -winner take all system ## Footnote exception: Main and Nebraska which have rules that allow them to split electoral votes

Answer 161

-occur every 2 years; 1/3 of senators up for reelectoin -midterm elections: happen halfway through presidents term

Answer 162

more pronounced than in presidential elections -90% of incumbents win their election -name recognition track record, established funding, safe distrcits

Answer 163

-increase length of election cycle -increasing complexity of campaigns -canvassing: calling/emailing voters -advertising

Answer 164

created a new federal comission called the Federal Election Comission to oversee and regulate money being spent on campaigns

Answer 165

estabished limits for how much money a person could give to a presidential candiate and how much money a canidate could spend on their eoection

Answer 166

contributions given directly to a canidate

Answer 167

money donated not to a canidate but to a party interest/group who can buy adverstising on the canidates behald (not subject to campaign laws)

Answer 168

buckley v. Valeo: court ruled that limitation on individual and corporate contributions to campaigns were constitutional -this case challanged limits, court ruled limits on contributions from individuals and corporations was a violation of free speech

Answer 169

raise $ for sake of influenceing their preffered canidate

Answer 170

formed by coorporations or entites like labor unions -only collect funds from members of organization, money can be donated directly to canidates in limited quantities

Answer 171

formed indepently from an organization, usually arounda specific public interest, donnations to non-connected PACs are limited by law

Answer 172

can be formed by anyone -can accept unlimited donations -cannot directly coordinate with a caniate

Answer 173

watchdog agency: media holds gov responsible to people

Answer 174

a strong, united republic would be more effective than the individual states at controlling “factions”  a large republic will help control factions because when more representatives are elected, there will be a greater number of opinions. Therefore, it is far less likely that there will be one majority oppressing the rest of the people

Answer 175

a series of essays written by Robert Yates, a New York judge who was opposed to the new U.S Constitution. These essays argued that the proposed constitution would lead to an overly powerful central governments  a bill of rights was necessary to protect the people from the government

Answer 176

addresses means by which appropriate checks and balances can be created in government and also advocates a separation of powers within the national government. ## Footnote BIG IDEA: The Constitution created a competitive policy- making process to ensure the people’s will is accurately represented and that freedom is preserved.

Answer 177

rgues in favor of the unitary executive created by Article II of the United States Constitution. ## Footnote BIG IDEA: The presidency has been enhanced beyond its expressed constitutional powers.

Answer 178

the federal courts "were designed to be an intermediate body between the people and their legislature ## Footnote BIG IDEA: The design of the judicial branch protects the Supreme Court’s independence as a branch of government, and the emergence and use of judicial review remains a powerful judicial practice.

AP EXAM Flashcards

(204 cards)