AP Exam Flashcards - Key Events
(199 cards)
1
Q
types of early Native American society
A
North: fishing, hunting
South: agriculture
Great Lakes: Iroquois League, “three sisters”, slash-and-burn agriculture
Great Plains: nomadic bison-hunting
Southwest: maize (from Mexico)
2
Q
Christopher Columbus travels to America, spurring the Age of Exploration
A
1492
God, Gold, and Glory
3
Q
Columbian Exchange
A
trade of goods, animals, ideas, and disease between the New and Old Worlds
4
Q
Triangular Trade
A
path of trade between the Americas (raw materials), Europe (markets), and Africa (labor)
5
Q
New Spain
A
conversion, some assimilation leading to caste system
extraction of resources
6
Q
encomienda system
A
1512
giving land to settlers in exchange for promise to convert some native laborers
7
Q
New France
A
1608: Quebec
value on fur trade, mutually beneficial relationships
8
Q
New Netherlands
A
1625
value on fur trade, not much focus on conversion
9
Q
first African ship arrives in New World, carrying slave labor
A
1525
10
Q
Virginia Company of London establishes the first permanent settlement at Jamestown
A
1607
joint-stock company
settlers given equal rights as Englishmen
11
Q
Starving Time
A
1607-1625
“He who shall not work, shall not eat”
12
Q
House of Burgesses
A
1619
first form of representative government
disbanded in 1624
13
Q
Barbados Slave Code
A
1661
establishes early presence of “Black codes” in Americas
14
Q
First Anglo-Powhatan War
A
1610-1614
ends on uneasy peace with Powhatan’s Confederacy
15
Q
Second Anglo-Powhatan War
A
1622-1646
first instance of use of reservation land for Native Americans (Cherokee)
16
Q
“King Nicotine”
A
1612
John Rolfe discovers fecundity of tobacco
17
Q
Maryland
A
Act of Toleration (1649): preludes freedom of religion as Catholic sanctuary
18
Q
West Indies; Carolinas; Georgia
A
Chesapeake colonies
slavery; split; buffer colony
19
Q
Pilgrims arrive at Plymouth, Massachusetts after time spent in Holland
A
1620
sign Mayflower Compact, giving first form of self-representative government contract (consent of the governed)
20
Q
1630s Great Migration
A
growth of Massachusetts Bay Colony; growth of Northern industry
21
Q
Rhode Island
A
settled by radical Roger Williams, who allows freedom of religion
shelters Anne Hutchinson (1637), who preaches antinomianism
22
Q
Pequot War
A
1637
annihilation of Pequot tribe
23
Q
Metacom’s War
A
1675-1676
Metacom’s Confederacy fails; native threats virtually extinguished
24
Q
Fundamental Orders
A
1639
document signed by Connecticut as crude Constitution
25
Pennsylvania
Quakers; religious freedom, non-violence
26
Middle Passage
dangerous trip between Africa and the Americas for slaves
27
Bacon's Rebellion
1676
establishes need for labor outside of indentured servitude
28
Stono Rebellion
1739
huge slave revolt; also see quiet resistance on part of enslaved
29
mercantilism
laboring for profit of mother country
Trade and Navigation Acts (1651) underscore salutary neglect
30
First Great Awakening
George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards
31
Zenger Trial
1734-1735
establishes freedom of the press
32
Pueblo Revolt
1680
marks substantial Native American resistance and success
33
French and Indian War
1754-1763
end of salutary neglect
fighting over land in Ohio River Valley; Proclamation of 1763 forbids settlement in newly acquired area
Treaty of Paris (1763); British double national debt
Pontiac's Rebellion (1763) - group confederacy
34
Albany Plan
1754
Franklin's attempt at an intercolonial government
35
transatlantic print culture
spreads ideals of Enlightenment, pragmatism to United States
36
Grenville's Reforms
1763-1766
Stamp Act, Sugar Act, Quartering Act
leads to Sons and Daughters of Liberty; Stamp Act Congress; Committees of Correspondence
37
Declaratory Act
gives Britain the power to enact whatever laws it should choose
38
Boston Massacre
1770
rioting colonists provoke Redcoat bullets
39
Boston Tea Party
1773
thinly veiled attempt at showing "Native Americans" rioting against taxes
40
First Continental Congress
1774
after Intolerable (Coercive) Acts put in place
41
Common Sense, Declaration of Independence published
1776
42
Washington re-crosses the Delaware, rallies troops to become a hero
Christmas 1776
43
Battle of Saratoga
1777
first decisive win for the colonies
incites French aid
44
Battle of Yorktown
1781
British surrender
45
Treaty of Paris
1783
recognize colonies as independent, sovereign entities
46
Philadelphia Convention
1787
Federalists gather to create laws outlining new government
47
Constitution
1789
Great Compromise; Slave Trade Compromise; Three-Fifths Compromise
ratified only with the promise of the Bill of Rights (1791)
48
Federalist Papers
essays by Madison, Jay, and Hamilton encouraging ratification of the Constitution (anonymous)
49
Washington becomes president; Cabinet created
1789
50
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
prohibits slavery in all newly acquired midwestern territories
51
Judiciary Act
1789
establishes Supreme, federal, and circuit courts
52
Hamilton's Economic Plan
loose constructionist
assumption of state debts
high protective tariff
Bank of the United States
53
Proclamation of Neutrailty
1793
pledge to stay out of foreign wars
54
Whiskey Rebellion
1794
Washington uses excess federal force to quell rebels
55
Jay's Treaty
1794
trade between US and Britain becomes "most favored"
56
Washington's Farewell Address
warning against interventionism and political parties
57
XYZ Affair
1797
creation of Navy, re-establishment of Marine Corps
58
Alien and Sedition Acts
1798
new residency requirements and free speech constraints
inspire Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions --> Theory of Nullification
59
Election of 1800
Thomas Jefferson elected as first Democratic-Republican
first party switch
60
Naturalization Law
1802
pardons Alien and Sedition Acts
61
Louisiana Purchase
1803
Jefferson oversteps federal government's power under strict constructionist argument
62
Tripolitan War
1801-1805
Jefferson forced to create infantile Army, Navy to deal with Barbary pirates
63
Embargo of 1807
backfires substantially; Jefferson oversteps executive power
64
War of 1812
caused by desire for economic and maritime rights
Britain impressing American soldiers during battle with French
65
Battle of Tippecanoe
1811
Tecumseh's forces (Native American confederation) defeated by William Henry Harrison
66
Treaty of Ghent
1814
armistice; virtually no land changes hands
67
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
1814
Jackson becomes the "Indian Killer"
68
Hartford Convention
1814
death of the Federalist party - they look like traitors
69
Battle of New Orleans
1815
Jackson becomes a national hero
70
Era of Good Feelings
death of Federalist party ushers in period with only Democratic-Republicans
71
Marbury v. Madison
1803
judicial review
72
McColloch v. Maryland
1819
constitutionality of National Bank
federal power > state power
73
Territorial changes
British Cession (1818)
Florida Cession (1819)
Russo-American Treaty (1824)
74
Monroe Doctrine
1823
isolationism and imperialism in the Western Hemisphere
75
market revolution
integration of new technologies
steel plow, canals, telegram, cotton gin, commercial farming
national identity formed through American economic superpower
76
American System
1824
recharter National Bank
new (high) protective tariffs
growth of infrastructure
77
Common Man Democracy
acheived during Era of Good Feelings through universal white male suffrage
78
Panic of 1819
first major financial crisis is scapegoated onto the National Bank
79
Missouri Compromise
1820
line drawn at 36'30 parallel: no slavery above
80
Election of 1824
Corrupt Bargain
Quincy Adams becomes president, Henry Clay becomes Secretary of State
Jackson wins popular vote but not majority of Electoral College, so vote goes to House of Representatives
81
Election of 1828
Jackson wins as the "common man"
new two-party system develops: pro-federal government Whigs and states' rights Democrats
82
Jackson's contradictions
Maysville Road Veto (1830)
Spoils System
National Bank Veto (1832)
83
Nullification Crisis of 1828
South Carolina threatens secession
simultaneous Compromise Tariff and Force Bill of 1833
84
Indian Removal Act
1830
leads to Trail of Tears and relocation
Jackson won't uphold ruling in Worcester vs. Georgia (1832) that laws cannot be upheld on reservations
85
immigration from Ireland, Germany
prompting of more nativism
Know-Nothing Party
86
Second Great Awakening (1820s-1840s)
"fire-and-brimstone"
Utopias
American Temperance Society
Cult of Domesticity (separate spheres)
Seneca Falls and the Declaration of Sentiments (1848)
87
abolition
grows in popularity through Garrison, Douglass
sparks especially after Compromise of 1850 and forced acceptance of Fugitive Slave Act
88
Manifest Destiny
preordained right to territorial expansion based on racial, cultural superiority
89
Texas
1845 joint resolution of Congress
enacted after 1836 declaration of independence from Mexico
90
Wilmot Proviso
1846
failed amendment to make all territories acquired from Mexico anti-slavery
91
Compromise of 1850
California as free state
New Mexico, Utah as popular sovereignty
Fugitive Slave Act tightens
92
regional cultures develop
North is industrial
South is agricultural
different opinions start to form on state lines (e.g. tariffs - North pro, South anti)
93
Uncle Tom's Cabin
1852; Harriet Beecher Stowe
incites increased leanings towards abolitionism
94
Ostend Manifesto
1854
secret plan discovered to admit Cuba as slave state
95
Nicaragua
1856
Pierce allows settlers to incite civil war, allows them to be killed
96
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854
establishes territories as under popular sovereignty
invalidates Missouri Compromise
97
Bleeding Kansas
1856-1865
fights break out over presence of slavery in Kansas
1856: Caning of Senator Sumner
98
Dred Scott vs. Sandford
1857
Black people are not citizens and cannot sue
Congress cannot regulate presence of slavery --> invalidates Missouri Compromise, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Compromise of 1850, popular sovereignty, Northwest Ordinance of 1787
99
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
1858
Lincoln established as strong leader, good opinions (for the North)
100
Harper's Ferry Raid
1859
John Brown becomes abolitionist martyr
101
South Carolina secedes
1860
leads to first battle at Fort Sumter in 1861
102
Battle of Antietam
1862
leads to Emancipation Proclamation
103
Battle of Gettysburg
1863
garner more support for cause
104
Robert E. Lee surrenders
1865
Appomattox Court House
105
issues during Civil War
suspension of civil liberties (habeas corpus) in neutral states
Conscription Act (1863) invokes Draft Riots
women push towards external sphere
increase in land grant, settlement acts
106
First Confiscation Act
1861
Union allowed to free slaves as "contraband of war"
107
Letter to Horace Greely
says Lincoln only wants to "unite the Union"
108
Reconstruction amendments
13th (1864): freedom
14th: citizenship
15th: universal male suffrage
109
Proclamation of Amnesty
1863
Confederates must give 10% loyalty oath to rejoin Union
Lincoln pocket-vetoes the 1864 Wade-Davis Bill, with a 50% loyalty oath
110
Freedman's Bureau
government agency designed to facilitate short and long-term change
111
Johnson's actions
pardons many Confederates
allows for passage of Black codes
does not enforce Reconstruction efforts
will not support Civil Rights Act, kills Freedman's Bureau in second iteration
112
Reconstruction Acts
1867
places military occupation in South until they sign amendments into Constitutions
leads to growth of KKK, white power movements, Jim Crow laws
113
Election of 1876
Hayes becomes president; must remove troops from South and support Southern transcontinental railroad
Southern Redeemers able to begin efforts to disenfranchise (poll taxes, literacy tests, Grandfather clause)
114
Pacific Railway Acts
1862 and 1864
allow for creation of transcontinental railroad
creates boomtowns, national economy
Grant's Credit Mobilier Scandal
115
first railroad strike
1867
performed by Chinese immigrants on the credit-ticket system
116
Turner's Frontier Thesis
1890
America needs a frontier: individualism, independence, economic opportunity, equality, democracy
117
Homestead Act
1862
160 acres for promise of 5 years' cultivation
only 2/3 of homesteaders would succeed (mostly immigrants)
118
General Mining Law
1872
workers' rights for miners following Gold Rush commotion
119
Battle of Little Bighorn
1874
Custer's Last Stand; Sitting Bull defeats American troops attempting to take over sacred Black Hills (from Second Fort Laramie Treaty)
120
Nez Perce
1877
forced surrender because of federal violence towards herding into reservation system
121
Indian Appropriation Act
1871
no longer recognize tribes as sovereign nations
122
Dawes Act
1887
redistributed reservation land, offered citizenship only upon assimilation
123
Wounded Knee Massacre
1890
provoked by peaceful resistance, Ghost Dances
124
Second Industrial Revolution
rise of industrial capitalism during Gilded Age
laissez-faire capitalism
Social Darwinism
Gospel of Wealth
trusts (integration)
increased polarization of wealth
female, youth employment
consumerism
125
Sherman Antitrust Act
1890
government provisions to prohibit all trusts (used mostly on "good" trusts)
126
unions and strikes
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Pullman Strike of 1894
encourage federal action
National Labor Union (1866)
Knights of Labor (1869)
American Federation of Labor (1896)
127
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882
banned all Chinese immigration
128
growth of cities
ethnic neighborhoods boom while white populations move to suburbia
Tenement House and Reform Acts
129
political machines
took advantage of immigrants to offer welfare in exchange for votes
Tammany Hall, Boss Tweed
130
settlement houses
offered welfare to immigrant communities (Hull House by Jane Addams)
131
Know-Nothing Party
1850s
nativism (because of increased immigration of Eastern Europeans)
132
Pendleton Act
1881
wealthy must fund political campaigns (patronage politics)
133
McKinley Tariff
1890
imported goods taxed 48%
134
Populist Party
1896 election
Omaha Platform: want graduated income tax, direct Senate vote
135
muckrakers
expose journalists (Ida Tarbell)
Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle" inspires Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act
136
trust-busting, Square Deal
Roosevelt attempts to crack down on integration, honor unions
137
Clayton Antiturst Act
1914 (Wilson)
strengthens Sherman Act, reclassifies unions
138
rise of socialism
Eugene V. Debs, Emma Goldman, Wobblies (never get enough power)
inspire welfare changes
139
Progressive amendments
16th (1913): graduated income tax
17th (1913): direct election of Senate
18th (1919): prohibition (repealed by 21st)
19th (1920): women's suffrage
140
shift from isolationism to interventionism
Seward's Folly (1867) of Alaska
Reciprocity Treaty of 1887 gives US access to Pearl Harbor
141
official annexation of Republic of Hawaii
1898
142
Spanish-American War provocations
February 1898
De Lome letter
explosion of USS Maine in Havana
143
Teller Amendment
1898
no annexation of Cuba upon independence
144
Treaty of Paris (1898)
US receives Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines
major debate sparked over imperialism
145
Insular Cases
1901-1903
ruled that Constitutional privileges do not extend to territories
146
Platt Amendment
1901
US control over Cuba (treaties)
takes Guantanamo Bay
147
Open Door Policy
1899
free trade within China for world powers
148
Panama Canal
1904-1914
Roosevelt incites Colombian revolution to take land for canal
149
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
1904
US will intervene in any necessary Latin American affairs
150
Dollar Diplomacy
Taft
funnel money into Latin America
151
Moral Diplomacy
Wilson
try to establish precedents of morality, democracy
Jones Act (1916): eventual Filipino independence
152
start of World War I
unrestricted submarine warfare (1913-1916, 1917)
sinking of Lusitania (1915)
Zimmerman telegram
153
infringements on civil liberties
Selective Service Act (1917)
Espionage Act (1917)
Sedition Act (1918)
Schenck vs. United States (1919): suspension of civil liberties during wartime is constitutional
154
Wilson's Fourteen Points
1918
freedom of seas, peace without victory, League of Nations
155
First Red Scare
1919-1920
caused by Bolshevik Revolution, labor unrest
Palmer Raids (1919)
Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti (1921)
rise of the KKK (1915)
156
new nativism
Emergency Quota Act (1921)
National Origins Act (1924)
157
Washington Naval Conference
1921-1922
mass agreement for demilitarization
158
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929
crash of the stock market
catalyst of Great Depression
caused by buying on margin, overexpansion of credit, Dust Bowl in Midwest
159
Hoover's failures
Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)
Bonus March (1932)
Hoovervilles
160
the New Deal
FDR's program to "prime the pump" and revive the economy
161
Alphabet Soup
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Securities and Exchange Commission
Works Progress Administration
Public Works Administration
Social Security Administration
162
Judicial Procedures Reform Bill
FDR's attempt at court-packing (failure)
163
traditional vs. modernity debate
Scopes Trial (1925)
Flappers
new technologies
164
Great Migration
movement of African Americans into Northern cities for job opportunities
spurs Harlem Renaissance
165
Pan-American Conference, Good Neighbor Policy
1933
stay out of Latin America
166
Nye Committee
1934
publishes motivations of corporations from WWI
inspires isolationism for years
167
Neutrality Acts
1935, 1936, 1937
prevent contact with belligerent nations
168
Munich Conference
1938
appease Germany with the Sudetenland
169
Pearl Harbor
Dec 7, 1941
official US entrance into WWII
170
Yalta Conference
1945
draw lines of occupied zones of Germany post-WWII
171
turning points on Asian front
Battle of Midway (1942)
Atomic bombs on Nagasaki, Hiroshima (1945)
172
"Production Miracle"
WWII ends the Great Depression
industries boom
new job opportunities for women, Mexicans (Bracero Program, 1942)
173
Civil Rights changes from WWII
Double V for Victory campaign
Congress for Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942
174
Korematsu vs. United States
1944
Japanese internment during WWII was constitutional
175
Second Great Migration
1940s-1970s
movement westward for job opportunities
176
Truman administration during the Cold War
containment
Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan (1947) send aid to European countries
Berlin Blockade (1948), NATO (1949), fall of China (1949) despite US involvement
177
Korean War
1950-1953
containment success, but not able to harm institution of communism
178
Second Red Scare
McCarthyism
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 1948
179
Eisenhower during Cold War
mutually assured destruction (with John Foster Dulles)
Guatemala (1954)
Iranian Revolution
military-industrial complex
180
National Defense and Education Act
1958
funding of STEM education to push future innovations
181
Bay of Pigs Disaster
1961
failed attempt to assassinate Castro
JFK must admit failure
182
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962
13-day experience on brink of nuclear war
183
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1964
gives president power to do whatever they feel necessary
redacted with War Powers Resolution after Vietnam
184
Tet Offensive
1968
shifts American public opinion against participation in Vietnam War
185
Nixon during Vietnam War
"Vietnamization" --> increased bombing despite decreased soldiers
My Lai Massacre (1968)
Cambodian Incursion (1970)
186
official fall of Saigon
1975
187
Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education
1954
ruled that "separate but equal" doctrine was invalid in schools
188
Montgomery Bus Boycotts
1955-1956
189
Little Rock Nine
1957
190
Greensboro Sit-Ins
1960
191
Freedom Riders
1961
192
Civil Rights Act
1964
bans racial discrimination in all public buildings
leads to:
24th Amendment (1964): no more poll taxes
Voting Rights Act (1965)
Immigration and Neutrality Act (1965)
193
Nixon administration
detente of Cold War
relations with China
Pentagon Papers (1971)
Clean Air Act (1960)
Watergate (1972)
OPEC oil embargo (1973)
194
Indian Self-Determination Act
1975
gives power over reservations back to Native Americans
195
Carter administration
Camp David Accords (1978)
Panama Canal Treaty (1979)
Iranian Hostage Crisis (1979)
Malaise Speech (1979)
196
1950s
growth of sunbelt, suburbanization, middle class, and youth counterculture
197
Strategic Defense Initiative
1983
"Star Wars"
198
end of Cold War
1989: Berlin Wall falls
1991: Soviet Union collapses
199
Reagan administration and the New Right
deregulation
tax cuts
military spending
Reaganomics
