AP Gov ch.4 Mariana Sanchez-Monke

Question 1

Abraham Lincoln

Answer 1

an American statesman, politician, and lawyer who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War, its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis.

Question 2

Abolitionists

Answer 2

a person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment or (formerly) slavery.

Question 3

The Alien and Sedition Acts

Answer 3

four laws passed by the Federalist-dominated 5th United States Congress and signed into law by President John Adams in 1798.

Question 4

Bill of attainder

Answer 4

an act of a legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them, often without a trial.

Question 5

Bill Of Rights

Answer 5

the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship.

Question 6

Black Lives Matter (BLM)

Answer 6

an international activist movement, originating in the African-American community, that campaigns against violence and systemic racism towards black people.

Question 7

Burger Court

Answer 7

refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1969 to 1986, when Warren Burger served as Chief Justice of the United States.

Question 8

Capital cases

Answer 8

a prosecution case for murder in which a jury is asked to decide whether a defendant should be put to death, if found guilty. A prosecutor must charge special circumstances in order to sentence a defendant to death.

Question 9

Civil liberties

Answer 9

the state of being subject only to laws established for the good of the community, especially with regard to freedom of action and speech.

Question 10

Civil rights

Answer 10

the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.

Question 11

Clear and present danger test

Answer 11

a doctrine adopted by the Supreme Court of the United States to determine under what circumstances limits can be placed on First Amendment freedoms of speech, press, or assembly.

Question 12

DeJonge v. Oregon (1937)

Answer 12

a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause applies to freedom of assembly.

Question 13

Direct incitement test

Answer 13

that holds that advocacy of illegal action is protected by the 1st amendment unless imminent lawless action is intended and likely to occur.

Question 14

Double jeopardy clause

Answer 14

bars second prosecutions after either acquittal or conviction, and prohibits multiple punishments for the same offense.

Question 15

Due process rights

Answer 15

the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it.

Question 16

Earl Warren

Answer 16

an American jurist and politician who served as the 14th Chief Justice of the United States and earlier as the 30th Governor of California

Question 17

Eighth Amendment

Answer 17

the section of the Bill of Rights that states that that punishments must be fair, cannot be cruel, and that fines that are extraordinarily large cannot be set.

Question 18

Eighteenth Amendment

Answer 18

established the prohibition of “intoxicating liquors” in the United States. The amendment was proposed by Congress on December 18, 1917, and was ratified by the requisite number of states on January 16, 1919.

Question 19

Espionage Act

Answer 19

a United States federal law passed on June 15, 1917, shortly after the U.S. entry into World War I. It has been amended numerous times over the years. It was originally found in Title 50 of the U.S. Code but is now found under Title 18, Crime.

Question 20

Establishment clause

Answer 20

the clause in the First Amendment of the US Constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress.

Question 21

Exclusionary rule

Answer 21

a law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.

Question 22

Ex post facto law

Answer 22

a law that retroactively changes the legal consequences of actions that were committed, or relationships that existed before the enactment of the law.

Question 23

First Amendment

Answer 23

an amendment to the US Constitution that prohibits any law limiting freedom with respect to religion, expression, peaceful assembly, or the right of citizens to petition the government.

Question 24

Fourth Amendment

Answer 24

part of the Bill of Rights that was added to the Constitution on December 15, 1791. It protects people from unlawful searches and seizures. This means that the police can’t search you or your house without a warrant or probable cause. From the Constitution.

Question 25

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 25

ratified in 1868, defining national citizenship and forbidding the states to restrict the basic rights of citizens or other persons.

Question 26

Fifth Amendment

Answer 26

an amendment to the US Constitution that contains a number of provisions relating to criminal law, including guarantees of due process and of the right to refuse to answer questions in order to avoid incriminating oneself.

Question 27

Fighting words

Answer 27

are written or spoken words intended to incite hatred or violence from their target.

Question 28

Free exercise clause

Answer 28

he section of the First Amendment italicized here: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.

Question 29

Fundamental freedoms

Answer 29

freedom of expression,freedom of religion, freedom of thought, freedom of belief,freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association.

Question 30

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Answer 30

a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States holding that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the reach of certain limitations on federal government authority set forth in the First Amendment

Question 31

Grand jury

Answer 31

a jury, typically of twenty-three people, selected to examine the validity of an accusation before trial.

Question 32

Hate speech

Answer 32

abusive or threatening speech or writing that expresses prejudice against a particular group, especially on the basis of race, religion, or sexual orientation.

Question 33

Incorporation doctrine

Answer 33

a constitutional doctrine through which the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution (known as the Bill of Rights) are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 34

Lemon test

Answer 34

the process of determining as to when a law has the effect of establishing religion

Question 35

Libel

Answer 35

a published false statement that is damaging to a person’s reputation; a written defamation

Question 36

Miranda rights

Answer 36

the rights (as the right to remain silent, to have an attorney present, and to have an attorney appointed if indigent) of which an arresting officer must advise the person being arrested

Question 37

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Answer 37

the Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination. Miranda appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which reviewed the case in 1966.

Question 38

Miller v. California (1973

Answer 38

a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court wherein the court redefined its definition of obscenity from that of “utterly without socially redeeming value” to that which lacks “serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value”

Question 39

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)

Answer 39

a landmark United States Supreme Court case that established the actual malice standard that must be met for press reports about public officials to be considered libel. The decision defended free reporting of the civil rights campaigns in the southern United States.

Question 40

New York Times Co. v. US (1971)

Answer 40

a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on the First Amendment. The ruling made it possible for The New York Times and The Washington Post newspapers to publish the then-classified Pentagon Papers without risk of government censorship or punishment.

Question 41

Ninth Amendment

Answer 41

addresses rights, retained by the people, that are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution. It is part of the Bill of Rights.

Question 42

Occupy Wall Street

Answer 42

a left-wing protest movement that began on September 17, 2011, in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City’s Wall Street financial district, against economic inequality. The Canadian anti-consumerist and pro-environment group/magazine Adbusters initiated the call for a protest

Question 43

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992)

Answer 43

a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the constitutionality of several Pennsylvania state statutory provisions regarding abortion was challenged.

Question 44

Prior restraint

Answer 44

censorship imposed, usually by a government or institution, on expression, that prohibits particular instances of expression.

Question 45

Right to privacy

Answer 45

an element of various legal traditions to restrain governmental and private actions that threaten the privacy of individuals. Over 150 national constitutions mention the right to privacy.

Question 46

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Answer 46

established a woman’s right to have an abortion without undue restrictive interference from the government. The Court held that a woman’s right to decide for herself to bring or not bring a pregnancy to term is guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 47

Sedition laws

Answer 47

overt conduct, such as speech and organization, that tends toward insurrection against the established order. Sedition Often includes subversion of a constitution and incitement of discontent towards, or resistance against established authority.

Question 48

Selective incorporation

Answer 48

a constitutional doctrine that ensures states cannot enact laws that take away the constitutional rights of American citizens that are enshrined in the Bill of Rights

Question 49

September 11th

Answer 49

a group of Islamic terrorists, widely believed to be part of the Al Qaeda network, hijacked three commercial airliners in midair, took over the controls, and deliberately crashed them into the Pentagon and the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in Manhattan.

Question 50

Sixth Amendment

Answer 50

sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions. It was ratified in 1791 as part of the United States Bill of Rights.

Question 51

Slander

Answer 51

the action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person’s reputation.

Question 52

Substantive due process

Answer 52

a principle allowing courts to protect certain fundamental rights from government interference, even if procedural protections are present or the rights are not specifically mentioned elsewhere in the US Constitution.

Question 53

Symbolic speech

Answer 53

a legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.

Question 54

Tenth Amendment

Answer 54

the section of the Bill of Rights that basically says that any power that is not given to the federal government is given to the people or the states.

Question 55

The Crown v. Zenger (1735)

Answer 55

Despite the instruction, the jury, after a brief deliberation, found Zenger “not guilty” of publishing seditious libel. … He returned to his printing business and published an account of his trial. It is important to note that the Zenger case did not establish legal precedent in seditious libel or freedom of the press.

Question 56

Undue burden test

Answer 56

the legal standard that courts use to determine whether an abortion restriction violates the Constitution.
the legal standard that courts use to determine whether an abortion restriction violates the Constitution.

Question 57

Warren Court

Answer 57

Warren was succeeded as Chief Justice by Warren Burger.Warren led a liberal majority that used judicial power in dramatic fashion, to the consternation of conservative opponents. TheWarren Court expanded civil rights, civil liberties, judicial power, and the federal power in dramatic ways.

Question 58

Warren E. Burger

Answer 58

the judge who presides over a supreme court. WhenWarren retired, Nixon’s choice to replace him was the vain but lightweight Warren E.

Question 59

Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt (2016)

Answer 59

is a landmark United States Supreme Court case decided on June 27, 2016. The Court ruled 5–3 that Texas cannot place restrictions on the delivery of abortion services that create an undue burden for women seeking an abortion.

Question 60

Writ of habeas corpus

Answer 60

a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person, usually a prison official, to bring the prisoner to court, to determine whether the detention is lawful