AP HUG Unit 3 Vocabulary

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

Shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by the members of a society that are not the result of biological inheritance (socially constructed)

Question 2

Ethnicity

Answer 2

A group of people who share a common cultural identity associated with geography e.g. Hispanic, German, Italian, Japanese

Question 3

Race

Answer 3

Historical classification that is used to categorize human populations with shared physical traits (not culture) e.g. American Indian, White, Asian, Black, African American

Question 4

Cultural Trait

Answer 4

A single attribute of a culture, such as food preferences, architecture, and land use

Question 5

Ethnocentrism

Answer 5

Judging another culture based on the value’s of one’s own culture (language, religion, customs)

Question 6

Cultural Relativism

Answer 6

The idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another

Question 7

Sequent Occupance

Answer 7

The combined imprint on an area when it has been inhabited by a succession of cultures e.g. buildings, transportation systems, farms, irrigation, recreation facilities

Question 8

Indigenous communities

Answer 8

The original settlers of an area (pre-invasion/colonization) who have retained their culture apart from the colonizers

Question 9

Ethnic Neighborhood

Answer 9

An area within a city occupied by a distinctive minority culture

Question 10

Gender Role

Answer 10

Learned behaviors that are deemed appropriate to gender as determined by cultural norms

Question 11

Gendered Spaces

Answer 11

Areas in which gender expression is either welcome or unwelcome

Question 12

Sense of Place

Answer 12

Term used to connote attachment to and comfort in a particular place with a strong identity that is deeply felt by inhabitants

Question 13

Centripetal Forces

Answer 13

Forces that unite a country

Question 14

Centrifugal Forces

Answer 14

Forces that divide a country

Question 15

Official Language

Answer 15

The language adopted by law for the use of government business and documents

Question 16

Standard Language

Answer 16

The accepted language used for government business, education, and mass communications

Question 17

Cultural Diffusion

Answer 17

The spread of an idea, innovation, cultural trend, or disease from its source area to other areas

Question 18

Relocation Diffusion

Answer 18

Type of cultural diffusion when an innovation or idea spreads by the actual movement of individuals who have adopted the idea and carry it to a new place

Question 19

Contagious Diffusion

Answer 19

Type of expansion diffusion where nearly all individuals are affected as it spreads outward e.g. spread of Islam

Question 20

Hierarchical Diffusion

Answer 20

Type of expansion diffusion when particular groups are affected as it leapfrogs over areas e.g. FAX machines, AIDS

Question 21

Stimulus Diffusion

Answer 21

Type of expansion diffusion where a small portion of the population adopts an idea or modifies it e.g. vegetable “burgers” in India

Question 22

Lingua Franca

Answer 22

A language mutually understood by people who speak different languages, usually for the purpose of trade e.g. English as language of international business, Swahili as language of trade in East Africa, Arabic as language of trade in Southwest Asia

Question 23

Creolization

Answer 23

The blending of European, Amerindian, and African cultures in the new World as a result of colonialism to create something new e.g. Haitian Creole language in the Caribbean, Santeria religion in the Caribbean

Question 24

Pidgin

Answer 24

A form of speech that adopts simplified grammar and vocabulary of a lingua france to allow speakers of two different languages to communicate

Question 25

Colonialism

Answer 25

The policy of acquiring control over another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically e.g. English pilgrims landing in America, Spanish conquistadors landing in America

Question 26

Cultural Imperialism

Answer 26

Dominance of one culture over another, historically, often occurred as a result of colonization e.g. Spanish and English cultures imposed on the Native People in the Americas, occurs in present day as pop culture which is easily diffused and causes local traditions to become commercialized

Question 27

Neocolonialism

Answer 27

MDCs controlling LDCs for cheap labor and resources leading to the loss of culture and the increase in globalization

Question 28

Globalization

Answer 28

The process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture

Question 29

Cultural Convergence

Answer 29

Cultures become more alike as their interactions increase

Question 30

Cultural Divergence

Answer 30

The tendency for for culture groups to disassociate from others in order to protect of preserve their culture from influence or change

Question 31

Local Culture (Folk Culture)

Answer 31

Culture traits of usually small, traditional, homogenous, rural communities e.g. Amish, Hutterite, Mennonite, Inuit

Question 32

Cultural Revival

Answer 32

Process that works against globalization, promotes cultural distinction and uniqueness

Question 33

Culture Hearth

Answer 33

The source of civilization: place where a civilization began their ideas and practices spread to surrounding areas

Question 34

Language Family

Answer 34

A group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin

Question 35

Dialect

Answer 35

Variant of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines e.g. differences in vocabulary, syntax, pronunciation, cadence, and pace

Question 36

Isolated Language

Answer 36

A language unrelated to any other therefore not part of any other language family, group or branch

Question 37

Religious Branch

Answer 37

A large division within a religion e.g. Catholic/Protestant/Orthodox

Question 38

Fundamentalism

Answer 38

Literal Interpretation and strict adherence to a religions rules

Question 39

Monotheistic

Answer 39

Belief in only one god e.g. Christianity, Islam, Judiaism

Question 40

Polytheistic

Answer 40

Belief in many gods e.g. shinto

Question 41

Thecracy

Answer 41

Government that bases decisions on religious principles and beliefs e.g. Saudi Arabia, Iran

Question 42

Toponym

Answer 42

Place-names that can uncover historical information about a place and its origins, such as the language of the original inhabitants and succeeding settlement history and population dispersal e.g. Osceola County, Florida

Question 43

Universalizing Religion

Answer 43

Religions that actively seek convert because they view themselves as offering belief systems of universal applicability and appeal

Question 44

Ethnic Religion

Answer 44

Religions that do not actively seek converts and are generally found near the hearth or spread through relocation diffusion

Question 45

Acculturation

Answer 45

Process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group, but still retain some original uniqueness; often occurs as a result of colonization or immigration e.g. Native Americans forced to learn English language, Chinese immigrant relocates and learns English language

Question 46

Assimilation

Answer 46

Process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group and cannot be distinguished from anyone else e.g. European immigrants in America

Question 47

Syncretism

Answer 47

Development of a new cultural trait as a result of the blending of two distinct but interacting cultures e.g. 'Americanized' Chinese food, 'Americanized' Mexican food

Question 48

Isogloss

Answer 48

An unofficial boundary that separates regions in which different vocabulary is used to describe the same item or concept

Question 49

Interfaith boundaries

Answer 49

Conflict between the world's major faiths e.g. Islam and Judaism in Israel, Hinduism and Buddhism in Sri Lanka, Christians and Muslims in Sudan

Question 50

Intrafaith Boundaries

Answer 50

Conflict within a single major faith, such as the different denominations of Christianity or the two branches of Islam e.g. Catholics/Protestants in Northern Ireland, Sunni/Shia in Iraq

Question 51

Sacred Sites (spaces)

Answer 51

Areas/places of religious/spiritual significance, including cathedrals, mosques, temples, and cemeteries e.g. Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, Western Wall in Jerusalem