Ap human chapter 5 flashcards

Question 3

Agriculture

Answer 3

the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and raising livestock

Question 4

Subsistence Agriculture

Answer 4

the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer and mostly found in less developed countries.

Question 5

Commercial Agriculture

Answer 5

A form of agriculture undertaken in order to generate products for sale off of the farm in order to make a profit.

Question 6

Bid-Rent theory

Answer 6

a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases

Question 7

Intensive Agriculture

Answer 7

a type of agriculture, both of crop plants and of animals, with higher levels of input and output per unit of agricultural land area.

Question 8

Monoculture

Answer 8

the deliberate cultivation of only one single crop in a large land area

Question 9

plantation agriculture

Answer 9

the production of one or more usually cash crops on a large swathe of land

Question 10

Extensive Agriculture

Answer 10

system of crop cultivation using small amounts of labour and capital in relation to area of land being farmed

Question 11

Domestication

Answer 11

the process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use

Question 12

GMOs

Answer 12

an animal, plant, or microbe whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

Question 13

Infrastructure

Answer 13

the basic physical systems of a business, region, or nation and often involves the production of public goods or production processes

Question 14

Dual Agricultural Economy

Answer 14

An economy having two agricultural sectors that have different levels of technology and different patterns of demand

Question 15

Agribusiness

Answer 15

combination of the words “agriculture” and “business,” and it refers to commerce in farming and farming-related activities

Question 16

Vertical Integration

Answer 16

requires a company’s direct ownership of suppliers, distributors, or retail locations to obtain greater control of its supply chain.

Question 17

Tariffs

Answer 17

a tax charged on goods or services as they move from one country to another

Question 18

Cash Crop

Answer 18

an agricultural crop that is purposely made strictly to be sold in a market environment for as much money as possible

Question 19

Agricultural Landscapes

Answer 19

the visible outcomes of the interaction between agriculture, natural resources and the environment, and encompass amenity, cultural, and other societal values.

Question 20

Deforestation

Answer 20

the purposeful clearing of forested land.

Question 21

Reservoirs

Answer 21

an artificial lake where water is stored.

Question 22

Aquifers

Answer 22

a body of porous rock or sediment saturated with groundwater

Question 23

Salinization

Answer 23

The process of accumulating soluble salts in soil, usually by an upward capillary movement from a saline groundwater source, followed by evaporation from the surface

Question 24

Debt-For-Nature Swap

Answer 24

an agreement between actors in a lending and borrowing country. to reduce some of the borrowing country’s debt in exchange for the support of a specific. environmental project.

Question 25

Biotechnology

Answer 25

the manipulation of organisms to carry out specific processes

Question 26

Precision Agriculture

Answer 26

the science of improving crop yields and assisting management decisions using high technology sensor and analysis tools.

Question 27

Food Insecurity

Answer 27

limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways

Question 28

Food Security

Answer 28

when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Question 29

Economy of Scale

Answer 29

the reduction in the per unit cost of production as the volume of production increases.

Question 30

mixed crop and livestock systems

Answer 30

a small-scale diversified farm that raises a variety of crops and animals

Question 31

genetically modified organism

Answer 31

an animal, plant, or microbe whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

Question 32

First Agricultural Revolution

Answer 32

humans turned from hunters and gatherers to farmers

Question 33

Second Agricultural Revolution

Answer 33

began in Great Britain in the 18th century. * It involved the mechanization of agricultural production, advances in transportation, development of large-scale irrigation, and changes to consumption patterns of agricultural goods.

Question 34

Green Agricultural Revolution

Answer 34

great increase in production of food grains (especially wheat and rice) that resulted in large part from the introduction into developing countries of new, high-yielding varieties, beginning in the mid-20th century.

Question 35

fair trade

Answer 35

an arrangement designed to help producers in developing countries achieve sustainable and equitable trade relationships

Question 36

market gardening

Answer 36

the commercial pro- duction of vegetables, fruits, flowers and other plants on a scale larger than a home garden, yet small enough that many of the principles of gardening are applicable

Question 37

transhumance

Answer 37

a seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.