AP Lecture Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Which statement is not correct
A) tissues consist of cells that work together to perform a common function
B) anatomy is the study of body parts and how they work.
C) an organ consist of two or more tissue types
D) there are 11 organ systems , plus the functional organ system called the immune system
A
B) anatomy is the study of body parts and how they work.
2
Q
The following choices represent hierarchical levels . Select the answer that places these levels in the correct hierarchical order
A) spinal cord,ventral cavity, cranial cavity
B) liver, abdominal cavity, abdominal pelvic cavity, ventral cavity
C) lungs , pericardial cavity, mediastinum, thoracic cavity
D) dorsal cavity, ventral cavity, thoracic cavity, cranial cavity
A
B) liver, abdominal cavity, abdominal pelvic cavity, ventral cavity
3
Q
Mesenchymal cells are most abundant in \_\_\_\_\_ connective tissue A) areolar B) dense regular C) reticular D) embryonic
A
D) embryonic
4
Q
A benign neoplasia is usually not life threatening
A) true
B) false
A
A) true
5
Q
Inability to absorb digestive nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue? A) simple columnar B) simple squamous C) transitional D) stratified squamous
A
A) simple columnar
6
Q
Examples of two membranes that protect the viscera in the ventral body cavity are
A) the mesothelium and endothelium
B) the pleural serosa and pleura mucosa
C) the ventral serosa that surrounds the ventral portion of the organs , and the posterior serosa that lines the organ cavity
D) the parietal serosa that lines the body cavity, and the visceral serosa that directly touches the organ
A
D) the parietal serosa that lines the body cavity, and the visceral serosa that directly touches the organ
7
Q
Epithelial tissue that functions in the mucus secretion in the trachea is A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar B) simple cuboidal C) stratified columnar D) simple squamous
A
A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar
8
Q
Suppose the epithelial tissue you are viewing under the scope is multilayered, has a cuboidal basal cells , but very flat cells at its surface , many of which look severely damaged. A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar B) stratified squamous C) simple squamous D) transitional
A
B) stratified squamous
9
Q
The structure that helps hair follicles with detecting touch is called A)pacinian corpuscle B) eccrine gland C) root hair plexus D) arrector pili
A
C) root hair plexus
10
Q
When glands go through the process of exocytosis to secrete their secretions they belong to the A) merocrine glands B) holocrine glands C) endocrine glands D) adrenal glands
A
A) merocrine glands
11
Q
Which process does not occur at the site of a cut A) cell regeneration B) phagocytosis C) granulation D) hematopoieosis
A
D) hematopoieosis
12
Q
What is the first treat to life from a third degree burn A) infection B) dehydration C) unbearable pain D) loss of immune function
A
B) dehydration
13
Q
Apocrine sweat glands A) are responsible for body odor B) play an important role in thermoregulation C) help cool off the body D) moisturize hair follicles
A
A) are responsible for body odor
14
Q
Which is a function of the skin
A) the skin absorbs vitamin B and C
B) the vast blood supply of the epidermis aids in the transport of materials throughout the body
C) the skin converts epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor molecule
D) keratinocytes can store glycogen for energy
A
C) the skin converts epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor molecule
15
Q
The thyroid gland belongs to the A) cardiovascular system B) nervous system C) respiratory system D) endocrine system
A
D) endocrine system
16
Q
The papillary layer of the dermis
A) is most responsible for the toughness of the skin
B) produces the pattern for finger prints
C) lacks nerve endings that respond to stimuli
D) is poorly vascularize
A
B) produces the pattern for finger prints
17
Q
Which layer is only found in thick skin A) hypodermics B) stratum lucidum C) reticular layer D) stratum spinosum
A
B) stratum lucidum
18
Q
Where does hematopoiesis occur A) the skin B) in glands C) in the liver D) in red bone marrow
A
D) in red bone marrow
19
Q
The reticular layer of the dermis A) is the thinnest layer of the dermis B) contains many keratinocytes C) consists of dense irregular connective tissue D) is poorly vascularize
A
C) consists of dense irregular connective tissue
20
Q
The matrix of connective tissues equals A) extracellular material B) ground substances C) intercellular material D) cells plus fibers
A
A) extracellular material
21
Q
Which one of the following would convince you that you are viewing cartilage tissue and not one of the other tissues we have studied
A) the tissue contains lacunae and is avascular
B) the tissue is avascular and is innervated
C) the tissue contains fibers and cells
D) the tissue is thick and surrounded with endothelium.
A
A) the tissue contains lacunae and is avascular
22
Q
Dense connective tissues main functions include
A) synthesizing and storing high-energy products Such as triglycerides
B) providing strength with limited ability to stretch
C) the secretions of mucous and serous fluid
D) the packaging of organs , and providing nutrients for and collecting wastes from many epithelial tissues
A
B) providing strength with limited ability to stretch
23
Q
What are melanocytes?
A) spidery-shaped cells which give the stratum granular appearance
B) cells that work their way up to the surface just like the keratinocytes
C) cells that protected keratinocytes
D) the least abundant cells in the epidermis
A
C) cells that protected keratinocytes
24
Q
Which group of cells is found in the dermis
A) fibroblast,macrophages,and mast cells
B) goblet cells, parietal cells, and langerhans cells
C)monocytes, reticulocytes,osteocytes
A
A) fibroblast,macrophages,and mast cells
25
```
Sudoriferous glands
A) secrete oils
B) produce saliva
C) secrete sweat
D) produce digestive enzymes
```
C) secrete sweat
26
Porto-oncogenes are normal genes found in non-cancerous cells.
C) true
B) false
C) true
27
```
The simple squamous epithelium layer of the serosae of the ventral body cavity is referred to as
A) endothelium
B) ectothelium
C) mesothelium
D) vasothelium
```
C) mesothelium
28
Which of the following is true about epithelial tissues
A) simple epithelial are commonly found in areas of high abrasion
B) endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs
C) stratified epithelium are associated with filtration
B) endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs
29
Nutrients absorption is the process in which
A) nutrients enter the small intestine by means of filtration
B) nutrient are pushed through the wallof the small intestine by means of filtration
c) blood receives nutrients molecules from the gut via active and passive transport
c) blood receives nutrients molecules from the gut via active and passive transport
30
```
Durning the firing of an action potential, after the first few sodium voltage gated ion channels open at threshold, more sodium voltage gated Ion channels open, which leads to even more opening of these channels. This is an example of?
A) positive feedback
B) summation
C) propagation
D) negative feedback
```
A) positive feedback
31
```
The term "fiber" in anatomy can refer to to all of the following except:
A) axon
B) collagen fiber
C) muscle cell
D) dendrite
```
D) dendrite
32
```
The corps quadrigemina are:
A)visual and auditory reflex centers
B) vomiting and sneezing reflex centers
C) cardiovascular and respiratory centers
D) olfactory
```
A)visual and auditory reflex centers
33
Based on the reading in your book titled "pleasure me, pleasure me" a cocaine high is created by:
A) cocaine binding to the dopamine recaptures so they dopamine cannot exert its effects on the post synaptic neurons
B) coca in stimulating the release of more dopamine in the brain
C) cocaine mimicking dopamine so that the post synaptic neuron is affected by cocaine and dopamine binding at the same time
D) cocaine binding to the dopamine transporter protein so that dopamine does not get returned to the axonal terminal
D) cocaine binding to the dopamine transporter protein so that dopamine does not get returned to the axonal termina
34
Based on one of your reading assignments , recent studies show that sleep has little effect on how well we remember
A) true
B) false
B) false
35
Strong stimuli cause the amplitude(size) of action potentials generated to increase.
A) true
B) false
B) false
36
Which of the following generalization DOES NOT describe the cerebral cortex?
A) the hemispheres are anatomically and physically mirror images of one another
B) the cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas
C) each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contra lateral side of the body
D) no functional area of the cortex works alone
A) the hemispheres are anatomically and physically mirror images of one another
37
It is a given that an action potential will fire on a postsynaptic membrane as long as:
A) chemically-gated channels open
B) voltage gated ion channels open
C) neurotransmitter bind
D) depolarization or hyper polarization occurs
B) voltage gated ion channels open
38
Nerve impulses in small-diameter axons are slower than in large -diameter axons (axons have same length)
A)true
B) false
A)true
39
```
Damage to the vestibular cortical areas of the brain will result in problems with:
A) hearing
B) tasting
C) balance
D) feeling
```
C) balance
40
```
A stimulus that triggers a resting neuron to open only it's potassium channels will cause _________ of the neurons cell membrane
A) hypo polarization
B) hyperpolarization
C) repolarization
D) depolarization
```
B) hyperpolarization
41
```
To which division of the peripheral nervous system does the autonomic nervous system belong?
A) parasympathetic
B) motor
C) sympathetic
D) somatic
```
B) motor
42
```
The dendrites, cell body and axon of these functional neurons are located inside the brain and spinal cord
A) afferent
B) efferent
C) multipolar
D) interneurons
```
D) interneurons
43
```
One of these structures belongs to a group that plays an important role in regulating balance and coordination of motor activities
A) superior colliculi
B) substantia nigra
C) lentiform nucleus
D) septum pellucium
```
B) substantia nigra
| C) lentiform nucleus
44
```
This brain structure functions as a major relay station for sensory information ascending to primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex (except for olfaction sensory info)
A) midbrain
B) thalamus
C) hypothalamus
D) corpus callosum
```
B) thalamus
45
Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?
A) combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex
B) premotor area
C) post central gyrus
D) prefrontal cortex
D) prefrontal cortex
46
Autonomic motor neurons belong to the?
A) sympathetic and parasympathic divisions of the nervous system
B) afferent division of the nervous system
C) sensory division of the nervous system
D) somatic division. Of the nervous system
A) sympathetic and parasympathic divisions of the nervous system
47
```
Just like a muscle cell, the cell membranes of neurons contain proteins that function as ion channels. To what type of ion channels do neurotransmitters bind?
A) leakage channel
B) chemically-gated channel
C) ion pump channels
D) voltage-gated channel
```
B) chemically-gated channel
48
When we sprain our ankle, we place an ice pack on our ankle to decrease blood flow, and therefore swelling. The ice pack also reduces pain because :
A) lower temperatures slow down action potentials
B) sensory neurons stop sending action potentials into the ankle area
C) the ice pack increases kinetic energy
D) only heavily myelinated motor neurons will be able to send pain signals into the CNS
A) lower temperatures slow down action potentials
49
Pick the INCORRECT statement. Summation:
A) is caused by the combining of several graded potentials.
B) always leads to the firing of an action potentials
C) can occur on a post synaptic membrane due to the arrival of many action potentials in a very short time on the presynaptic terminal
D) consists of two types : spatial and temporal
B) always leads to the firing of an action potentials
50
```
Neuroglia that anchor neurons, and control the chemical environment around neurons in the CNS by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are?
A) microglia
B) astrocytes
C) Schwann cells
D) oligodendrocytes
```
B) astrocytes
51
The source of Parkinson's disease is due to the fact that?
A) neurons in the substantia nigra are overproducing and releasing too much dopamine
B) dopamine secreting neurons in the basal nuclei are deteriorating
C) the basal nuclei are not being inhibited by deteriorating dopamine-secreting neurons in the midbrain
D) Dopamine secreting neurons in the cerebral cortex are deteriorating
C) the basal nuclei are not being inhibited by deteriorating dopamine-secreting neurons in the midbrain
52
Supposes a neurotransmitter binds to its post synaptic membrane and hyperpolarization occurs. This occurs because
A) chemical gated calcium ion channels open
B) chemically gated chloride ion channels open
C) voltage gated calcium ion channels open
D) voltage gated potassium ion channels open
B) chemically gated chloride ion channels open
53
All cell membranes have leakage ion channels as if they were garden soaker hoses, yet they all manage to maintain a resting membrane potentials(RMP) despite the loss and gain of ions constantly. What maintains this RMP?
A) myelin sheaths
B) Active transport of sodium and potassium. Across the cell membrane
C) the differential permeability of the cell membrane to ions that leak through these channels
D) chemically gated channels in the cell membrane that move a number of ions against their concentration gradients
B) Active transport of sodium and potassium. Across the cell membrane
54
```
Based on what you have learned about the grey versus white matter in the brain,where in the brain are most cell bodies located?
A) in the Basel nuclei
B) in the cranial nerves
C) in the cerebellum
D) in the cerebral cortex
```
D) in the cerebral cortex
55
Pick the incorrect statement
A)graded potentials are called decremental because they lose strength when they migrate away from their point of origin
B) graded potentials can generate on a post synaptic membrane or sensory receptor
C) the end plate potential that generates on the motor end plate when AHC binds is a type of graded potential
D) graded potentials in neurons can only depolarize the cell membrane.
D) graded potentials in neurons can only depolarize the cell membrane.
56
The source of Parkinson's disease is due to the fact that
A) neurons in the substantial nigra are overproducing and releasing to much dopamine
B) dopamine secreting neurons in the Basal nuclei are deteriorating
C) the basal nuclei are not being inhibited by deteriorating dopamine-secreting neurons in the midbrain
D) dopamine secreting neurons in the cerebral cortex are deteriorating
C) the basal nuclei are not being inhibited by deteriorating dopamine-secreting neurons in the midbrain
57
Suppose you feel something in your bag and you can tell that it is cold and sticky. What part or parts of the cerebral cortex is/are functioning?
A) wernickes area
B) the corpus callosum and the basal nuclei
C) the primary somatosensory and somatosensory association area
D) the primary motor cortex and motor association area
C) the primary somatosensory and somatosensory association area
58
```
When the inside of a cell membrane becomes more positive compared to its outside than when the cell was at rest, the cell is said to be
A) hyperpolarizing
B) depolarizing
C) repolarizing
D) hyperpolarizing
```
B) depolarizing
59
```
Which one of the following is most abundant in the nervous system?
A) motor neurons
B) neuroglial cells
C) sensory neurons
D) interneurons
```
B) neuroglial cells
60
Unipolar neurons
A) are the rarest type of neurons in the body
B) have their cell body located in the cns
C) are usually sensory neurons
D) are most often motor neurons
C) are usually sensory neurons
61
An electrical potential is
A) a concentration gradient
B) a gradient of charged particles across a boundary
C) a gradient of different so lutes across a boundary
A current
B) a gradient of charged particles across a boundary
62
```
Based on your reading assignment , in which area of the brain have stem cells for neurons been found
A) the cerebral cortex
B) the arbor vitae
C) the epithalamus
D) the hippocampus
```
D) the hippocampus
63
```
Which one of the following is not a neurotransmitter
A) endorphins
B) glucagon
C) histamine
D) glycine
```
B) glucagon
64
Integration in the CNS can be explained as the CNS
A) sensing the changes in the environment ; detecting stimuli
B)analyzing sensory information, storing information, making decisions and sending out commands
C) responding to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction
B)analyzing sensory information, storing information, making decisions and sending out commands
65
```
During embryogenesis,the prosencephalon forms forms in:
A) the 8th week
B) the third trimester
C) the fourth week
D) the fifth week
```
C) the fourth week
66
```
You would look for the corpus striatum in:
A) the cerebral hemisphere
B) the midbrain
C) the pons
D) the cerebellum
```
A) the cerebral hemisphere
67
```
Nervous tissue is primary derived from the:
A) endoderm
B) ectoderm
C) mesoderm
D) epiderm
```
B) ectoderm
68
Which of the following statements is false?
A) damage to the primary motor Cortex results in the loss of voluntary muscle control
B) damage to the visual association area results in blindness
C) damage to the premotor cortex results in loss of learned motor skills programmed in the area but movement is still possible
D) damage to the primary auditory cortex results in the inability to interpret pitch, loudness, and location
B) damage to the visual association area results in blindness
69
```
When the nervous system develops, the precursor cells of neurons go through three major phases. Which on of these phases does not belong in the process of neurogenesis
A) migration
B) differentiation
C) proliferation
D) lateralization
```
D) lateralization
70
```
Saltatory conduction occurs
A) on myelinated axons only
B) on unmyelinated axons only
C) on myelinated and unmyelinated axons
D) on sarcolemmae
```
A) on myelinated axons only
71
```
Studies have shown that animals can survive without many parts of the brain, except:
A) thalamus
B) brain stem
C) cerebral cortex
D) pineal gland
```
B) brain stem
72
```
The typical features we see in a very inebriated person clearly reflect how alcohol impacts the :
A) cerebellum
B) cerebrum
C) diecephalon
D) Brian stem
```
A) cerebellum
73
```
During propagation of an action potential, what exactly is responsible for the next axonal segment to reach threshold voltage so that the action potential can regenerate itself in that next segment
A)the Arrival of a new action potential
B) the local depolarizing current
C) potentiation
D) summation
```
B) the local depolarizing current
74
```
The transport method used by axons to ferry materials from the cell body to axonal terminals is called
A) anterograded axoplasmic transport
B) neurofibrillar transport
C) active transport
D) retrograde axoplasmic transport
```
A) anterograded axoplasmic transport
75
Which of the following will occur when an excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on a dendrite?
A) a single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium
B) specific sodium gates will open
C) sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open
D) chloride channels will open
A) a single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium
76
Where are the axonal terminals of somatic motor neurons located?
A ) in the grey matter of the CNS
B) in the white matter of the CNS
C) in the PNS
C) in the PNS
77
Broca's area _______
A) allows us to visualize the dance steps in our head before we are about to demonstrate them
B) is considered a motor speech Area
C) allows us to recognize complex objects
D) is usually found in the right hemisphere
B) is considered a motor speech Area
78
Choose the answer that is in the correct hierarchical order.
A) fasicicle, sarcoplasmic reticulum, fiber, filament
B) Tropomyosin,thick filament,mayo fibril,muscle fiber.
C) myofiber, myofibril, myofilament,G actin
D) muscle, fascicle,myofibril,muscle fiber, myofilament
C) myofiber, myofibril, myofilament,G actin
79
```
Each myofiber is covered with
A) sarcolemma
B) Endomysium
C) sarcoplasmic reticulum
D) Perimysium
```
B) Endomysium
80
T-tubules:
A) Allow for transmission of the action potential to deep within the muscle fiber.
B) are important organelles that help the thick and thin filaments cross-bridge when the calcium concentration increases .
C) store high quantities of calcium ions
D) occur in clumps of about ten per sarcomere
A) Allow for transmission of the action potential to deep within the muscle fiber.
81
To prevent the formation of hydroxyapatities inside skeleton muscle cells:
A) Calcium ions are constantly diffusing out of the terminal cisternae
B) free-floating phosphate ions inside the sarcoplasm must bind with calcium
C) ATP hydrolysis does not occur in the cytoplasm of a myofiber.
D) calcium ions are constantly pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
D) calcium ions are constantly pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
82
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder in which the patients body produces antibodies against ACH receptors. The antibodies compete with ACh's spot in the ACh receptors, but their bindings inhibits the receptors. Based on what you have learned about interactions between the nervous system and skeleton muscle what is the feasible treatment for this disorder.
A) treat patient with ACh inhibitors
B) treat patient with calcium gated sodium channel blockers.
C) treat patient with acetyl choline esterase
D) treat patient with acetyl choline esterase inhibitors
D) treat patient with acetyl choline esterase inhibitors
83
What will cause uncontrolled skeletal muscle contractions?
A) an enzyme inhibitor for ACh Esterase
B) a poison that blocks voltage- gated sodium ions on the sarcolemma
C) A drug that competes with ACh and blocks the ACh receptors.
D) Excessive storage of calcium ions in the terminal cisternae
A) an enzyme inhibitor for ACh Esterase
84
The process that is responsible first and foremost for the repolarization of a skeletal muscle fibers is:
A) the flow of ions through the sodium- potassium pump.
B) the pumping of calcium ions back into the terminal cisternae.
C) the relaxation of the muscle fiber
D) the flow of potassium through voltage gated channels
D) the flow of potassium through voltage gated channels
85
Rigor mortis and muscle cramps are similar because both are caused by:
A) build-up of lactic acid
B) decreasing or low levels of ATP.
C) the inability for cross-bridges to form
D) lack of glucose in the muscles
B) decreasing or low levels of ATP.
86
```
Skeletal muscle relies on nerve stimuli from
A) the autonomic nervousness system
B) the sympathetic nervous system
C) the somatic nervous system
D) the sensory nervous system
```
C) the somatic nervous system
87
In skeletal muscle fibers:
A) calcium binds to Tropomyosin
B) active sites on thin filaments are always available for cross- bridging
C) myosin heads that are high energy configurations are ready to form cross- bridges
D) myosin heads are present along the entire length of the thick filaments.
C) myosin heads that are high energy configurations are ready to form cross- bridges
88
```
The specialized structures made up of thick and thin filaments that occupy the full length of a skeletal muscle cell's interior are called?
A) myofilaments
B) myofibers
C) myofibrils
D) sarcomeres
```
C) myofibrils
89
When AHc molecules bind with AHc receptors on a skeletal muscle cell's membrane, a change in membrane potential occurs because
A) calcium voltage- gated channels open allowing influx of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm
B) sodium- potassium pumps open up setting up the resting membrane potential
C) first chemically- gated channels open and then voltage-gated channels.
D) first voltage-gated channels open and then chemically- gated channels
C) first chemically- gated channels open and then voltage-gated channels
90
During repolarization of an excitable cell:
A) the inside of the cells membrane becomes more negative compared to the outside due to the efflux of sodium ions
B) the inside of the cell's membrane becomes more positive compared to the outside due to the influx of sodium ions
C) the inside of the cells membrane becomes more positive compared to the outside due to the influx of calcium ions
D) the inside of the cells membrane becomes more negative compared to the outside due to the efflux of potassium
D) the inside of the cells membrane becomes more negative compared to the outside due to the efflux of potassium
91
Pick the correct ion concentration gradients for cells at rest in our body
A) sodium concentrations are higher inside cells than outside. The reverse is true for potassium
B) calcium concentrations are higher on the cytoplasm than extracellularly; the reverse is true for potassium
C) intracellular levels of potassium are higher than extracellular levels; the reverse is true for sodium
D) potassium concentrations are higher inside cells than outside, the same is true for calcium
C) intracellular levels of potassium are higher than extracellular levels; the reverse is true for
92
When skeletal muscle is in a complete tetanus contraction:
A) it's muscle fibers remain depolarized without getting a chance to repolarize
B) individual twitches are indistinguishable due to the high frequency of threshold stimuli that the muscle is receiving
C) more and more motor units are being activated leading to contraction of more and more muscle fibers
D) all its muscle cells are contracting simultaneously
B) individual twitches are indistinguishable due to the high frequency of threshold stimuli that the muscle is receiving
93
During skeletal muscle cell contractions and shortening
A) the A- bands disappear, the I-bands get narrower, and the sarcomeres shortens
B) the thick filaments shorten, the thin filaments move into the H- zone, and the z-lines move closer
C) the sarcomeres narrow, the z-lines move closer to one another, and the I- bands get larger
D) the A-bands remain the same length,the h-zone within the A- band disappear, and the thin filaments move towards each other
D) the A-bands remain the same length,the h-zone within the A- band disappear, and the thin filaments move towards each other
94
In the muscle twitch, what is meant by the term Latent Period?
A) it is when the the filaments slide resulting in contraction and shortening of the muscle
B) it is the plateau formed in the myogram during a tetanic contraction.
C) it is when the time that the muscle is unexcited and relaxed
D) it is the time right after stimulation of the muscle, but prior to tension development in the muscle
D) it is the time right after stimulation of the muscle, but prior to tension development in the muscle
95
Which one of the following statements about thick filaments in skeletal muscle is correct?
A) they contain four different types of proteins
B) their Tropomyosin molecules block the active sites where cross-bridging occurs
C) they are associated with ATPase.
D) they slide along the thin filaments within a sarcomere
C) they are associated with ATPase.
96
A person in a coma for several weeks loses muscle mass because
A) skeletal muscle fibers stop dividing resulting in muscle atrophy.
B) satellite cells begin to induce apoptosis in many muscle cells because comatose body is trying to conserve energy
C) muscle cells reduce the rate of protein synthesis and begin to shrink in size since they are not stimulating contraction
D) muscle fibers are starved for oxygen and hypertrophy
C) muscle cells reduce the rate of protein synthesis and begin to shrink in size since they are not stimulating contraction
97
```
What is the length of the longest muscle fibers in humans?
A)about an inch
B) a meter or more
C) about a foot
D) anywhere from a few nm to100mm
```
C) about a foot
98
Which myofilament is associated with ATPase?
A)thick
B) thin
A)thick
99
Which myofilament is associated with Tropomyosin ?
A) thick
B) thin
B) thin
100
```
Our skeletal system functions in all of the following Except
A) storage of hypdroxyapatites
B) storage of adipose tissue
C) propagation
D) hematopoiesis
```
C) propagation
101
A long bone consists of the following
A) periosteum,compact and spongy bone tissue, endosteum,medullary cavity
B) perichondrium, compact bone tissue and epiphyses
C) diploe, bone collar, haversian systems and periosteum
D) medullary cavity, spongy bone and compact diploe
A) periosteum,compact and spongy bone tissue, endosteum,medullary cavity
102
```
The cells responsible for the lengthening of bones in children are
A) chondroblasts
B) osteoblasts
C) osteocytes
D) osteoprogenitor cells
```
A) chondroblasts
103
```
The layer of the periosteum in which osteoclasts and osteoblasts are formed and resided is called ?
A)the ossification layer
B) the osteocytic layer
C) the osteogenic layer
D) the osteopoietic layer
```
C) the osteogenic layer
104
```
The mineral crystals found in bone tissue are also called
A) osteoid crystals
B) calmodulin crystals
C) bisphosphonates
D) hydroxyapatities
```
D) hydroxyapatities
105
The periosteal bud:
A) is a microscopically small blood vessel that interconnects osteocytes in order to provide them with nutrients and carry away wastes
B) is a tube-like structure that invades hyaline cartilage in the developing embryo and delivers osteoblasts and osteoclasts
C) plays an important role during osteoporosis
D) stimulates the cartilage cells of developing embryo to hypertrophy
B) is a tube-like structure that invades hyaline cartilage in the developing embryo and delivers osteoblasts and osteoclasts
106
Pick the correct differentiation pathway
A) hematopoietic stem cell> mesenchyme> osteoclasts
B) mesenchyme cell> osteoblasts> osteoclasts
C) osteoblasts > osteoclasts > osteocytes
D) mesenchyme cell> osteoblasts > osteocytes
D) mesenchyme cell> osteoblasts > osteocytes
107
```
The process of bone development in the embryo that starts with a structure made up of mesenchyme cells
A) intrachondral ossification
B) intermembrananous ossification
C) endomembranous ossification
D) intramembranous ossification
```
D) intramembranous ossification
108
Pick the Incorrect statement
A)osteocytes secret bone matrix
B) osteoblasts secret osteoid
C) osteoclasts are big, multinucleated cells and secrete enzyme- digesting enzymes
D) osteocytes are found inside the lacunae of mature compact and spongy bone tissue
A)osteocytes secret bone matrix
109
```
The hormone most responsible for the lengthening of bones in young children is secreted by
A) the pituitary gland
B) the parathyroid gland
C) gonads
D) the pancreas
```
A) the pituitary gland
110
```
Vitamin D is needed so that:
A) we can produce osteoid
B) our gut can absorb calcium from our food
C) we can synthesize calcium
D) we can secrete insulin
```
B) our gut can absorb calcium from our food
111
Women as well as men may develop osteoporosis
A)true
B) false
A)true
112
The femur forms by means of endochondral ossification
A) true
B) false
A) true
113
```
The primary ossification center forms:
A) in 2-3 month old embryo
B) shortly before or after birth
C) durning childhood
D) during adolescence
E) at the end of adolescence
Ab) in healthy adult
Ac) the postmenopausal women
```
A) in 2-3 month old embryo
114
```
Masculinization or feminization of skeleton occurs
A) in 2-3 month old embryo
B) shortly before or after birth
C) durning childhood
D) during adolescence
E) at the end of adolescence
Ab) in healthy adult
Ac) the postmenopausal women
```
D) during adolescence
115
```
The secondary ossification center forms
A) in 2-3 month old embryo
B) shortly before or after birth
C) durning childhood
D) during adolescence
E) at the end of adolescence
Ab) in healthy adult
Ac) the postmenopausal women
```
B) shortly before or after birth
116
All joint
A) allow mobility between bones that meet
B) form articulations between bones
C) stabilize out skeletal system
D) are interconnected by fibers whether they are short collagen fibers or long ligaments
B) form articulations between bones
117
An example of a fibrous joint is
A) the joint between almost all of our ribs and sternum
B) the joint in between the shafts of the radius and ulna
C)the joint between the femur and hip bone
D) the joint formed in growing children between the epiphysis and diaphysis in the long bone
B) the joint in between the shafts of the radius and ulna
118
Which one of the following plays the most important role in the stability of diarthrotic joints
A) ligaments
B)shape of the articular cartilage
C) tendons kept taut by the tone of their muscle
D) length of the bone
C) tendons kept taut by the tone of their muscle
119
Select the structure that is made up of fibrocartilage
A) fontanel
B) the short ligament that interconnects the distal parts of the tibia and fibula near the ankle
C) synchondrosis
D) intervertebral disk
D) intervertebral disk
120
```
Pick the two terms that match the best
A) synovial fluid, weeping lubrication
B) synovial fluid, amphiarthroses
C) synovial membrane , sutures
D) symphysis , hyaline cartilage
```
A) synovial fluid, weeping lubrication
121
```
The most common Structural joint in the body is
A) synovial
B) amphiarthrotic
C) cartilaginous
D) diarthrotic
```
A) synovial
122
```
Which types of joints are most stable?
A) synarthrotic joints
B) synovial joints
C) amphiarthrotic joints
D) joints that have a joint cavity
```
A) synarthrotic joints
123
```
Which joint disorder is characterized by the build-up of painful uric acid crystals in joints
A) osteoarthritis
B) gouty arthritis or gout
C) tendonitis
D) rheumatoid arthritis
```
B) gouty arthritis or gout
124
```
Electrophysiology experiments established that a single neuron branched out to motor end plates of 300 muscle cells . Predict where this muscle is?
A) eye
B) face
C) thigh
D) hand
```
C) thigh
125
Two motor neurons can stimulate the contraction of two different groups of muscle cell
A)true
B) false
A)true
126
What would happen to a large muscle, such as one of your quadriceps femoris muscle, if only 1 or 2 motor units
We're damaged?
A) the muscle would experience little to no change in muscle tone
B) the muscle will experience a decrease in muscle tone
C) the muscle would loose all muscle tone
D) the muscle will experience an increase in muscle tone
B) the muscle will experience a decrease in muscle tone
