AP Lecture Exam 1

Question 1

Hormonal stimulation

Answer 1

Gland cells release its hormone when another hormone binds to it
Example anterior pituitary releases TSH into thyroid releasing TH releasing T3 and T4

Question 2

Humoral stimulation

Answer 2

Gland cells release hormones when certain changes in levels in blood
Example blood glucose goes up pancreas releases insulin to decrease blood glucose

Question 3

Nervous stimulation

Answer 3

Gland cells release its hormone when a neuron stimulates it
Example sensory detects hot object automatically moves as an impulse.

Question 4

Terminal ganglia

Answer 4

In parasympathetic division
Located close to effector

Question 5

Intramural ganglia

Answer 5

In parasympathetic division
Located within wall of target organ

Question 6

Alpha 1 receptors

Answer 6

Simulate
Adrenegic Receptors found in smooth muscle, glands, and organs causing vasoconstriction

Question 7

Alpha 2 receptors

Answer 7

Adrenergic receptors
Inhibit
Located in presynaptic terminals, it stops signal through negative feedback

Question 8

Beta 1 receptors

Answer 8

Adrenergic and response to EPI n NE
Located in
Heart increase hr and force
Kidneys stimulates renin secretion

Question 9

Beta 2 receptors

Answer 9

Adrenegic receptor:
Inhibits
causes relaxation of
Smooth muscle, organs, and glands

Question 10

Autonomic NS

Answer 10

Involuntary controls cardiac, smooth muscle, glands
Cell body for lower motor neurons is in lateral gray horn
Autonomic ganglion
2 lower motor neurons

Question 11

Autonomic tone

Answer 11

Innervated by both divisions of ANS continuously release of ACh and NE to create balance in resting heart rate
Only one controls the status
Only sympathetic touches blood vessels

Question 12

Dual innervation

Answer 12

Organs receive input from both divisions may have antagonist or cooperative effects

Question 13

Antagonist effects

Answer 13

When both divisions oppose each other

Question 14

Cooperative effects

Answer 14

When both divisions work together
(P) - Penis erection -vasodilation
(S) - ejaculation

Question 15

4 hormones not under the control of the hypothalamus

Answer 15

Insulin -lowers glucose when high levels detected by liver
Glucagon increases glucose when low glucose is detected by the liver
PTH- releases when low calcium detected released by parathyroid
Calcitonin - released when high calcium is detected released by parathyroid

Question 16

2 classes of hormones

Answer 16

Steroids- lipid soluble needs carrier protein
Biogenic amines water soluble travel freely in blood
TH - thyroid hormone is a lipid soluble but in Biogenic

Question 17

TRH

Answer 17

Hypothalamus releases TRH to anterior pituitary that releases TSH to thyroid gland to release TH to release T3 & T4

Question 18

GnRH

Answer 18

Releases FSH & LH to reproductive organs testies and ovaries release estrogen and testosterone

Question 19

CRH

Answer 19

Release ACTH to adrenal gland
Medulla releases EPI & NE
Cortex releases cortisol

Question 20

GHRH

Answer 20

Release GH to the liver to release IGF + GH to bone ,muscle, and other tissues

Question 21

Follicular cells

Answer 21

Produce and releases TH thyroid hormone

Question 22

Parafollicular cells

Answer 22

Make calcitonin hormone that decrease blood calcium levels

Question 23

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 23

Excessive production of TH
Increases metabolic rate,weight loss,hyperactivity

Question 24

Hypothyroidism

Answer 24

Decreased production of TH
Low metabolic rate,low energy, always cold , weight gain
Caused by low iodine intake
Treated with thyroid hormone replacement

Question 25

Glycogenolysis

Answer 25

process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy

Question 26

Lipolysis

Answer 26

Breakdown of fats into glucose for energy generated ATP for growth

Question 27

Lipolysis

Answer 27

Generated ATP for growth

Question 28

Oxytocin effects

Answer 28

Uterine contraction, milk ejaculations, emotional bonding

Question 29

ADH effects

Answer 29

Vasopression Decrease urine production, stimulates Thirst and constricts blood vessels

Question 30

Zona glumerosa

Answer 30

Secretes Aldosterone puts salt into blood - water follows salt - Increasing blood pressure and blood volume

Question 31

Zona Facsciculata

Answer 31

Secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar with cortisol

Question 32

Zona Reticularis

Answer 32

Releases Androgen Male sex hormones Females androgen converts into estrogen

Question 33

Follicular cells of thyroid gland

Answer 33

Makes and release TH

Question 34

Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

Answer 34

Make Calcitonin hormone that decreases blood calcium levels

Question 35

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 35

Excessive production of TH Increased metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, heat intolerance Loss of feed back control Treated by removing the thyroid and given hormone supplements

Question 36

Hypothyroidism

Answer 36

Decrease production of TH Low metabolic rate, low energy, cold intolerance, and weight gain Caused by decreased iodine intake loss of pituitary stimulation of thyroid Immune destruction Treated with thyroid hormone replacement

Question 37

Goiter

Answer 37

Enlargement of thyroid due to insufficient dietary iodine Lack to iodine prevents thyroid from producing TH

Question 38

2 classes of hormones

Answer 38

Lipid soluble hormones Water soluble hormones

Question 39

Lipid soluble

Answer 39

Steroids Diffuse across target cell membrane Lipophilic Receptors in nucleus

Question 40

Water soluble hormones

Answer 40

Biogenic amines Use membrane receptors Travels freely in blood