AP Module 1.2

Question 1

Superior (cranial)

Answer 1

Superior (cranial) - toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body (above)

Question 2

Inferior (caudal)

Answer 2

Inferior (caudal) - away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body (below)

Question 3

Ventral (anterior)

Answer 3

Ventral (anterior) - toward or at the front of the body (in front of)

Question 4

Dorsal

Answer 4

toward or at the back of the body (behind)

Question 5

Medial

Answer 5

Medial - toward or at the midline of the body (on the inner side of)

Question 6

Lateral

Answer 6

away from the midline or the body (on the outer side of)

Question 7

Proximal -

Answer 7

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Question 8

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Answer 8

Intermediate

Question 9

Distal -

Answer 9

farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Question 10

Superficial (external)

Answer 10

• toward or at the body surface

Question 11

Deep (internal)

Answer 11

Away from the body surface (more internal)

Question 12

Flexion -

Answer 12

Flexion - closing of a joint, “bending”

Question 13

Abduction

Answer 13

movement away from midline

Question 14

Adduction -

Answer 14

movement towards midline

Question 15

Dorsiflexion -

Answer 15

flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “up”)

Question 16

Plantarflexion -

Answer 16

flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “down”)

Question 17

Radial Deviation -

Answer 17

lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius

Question 18

Ulnar Deviation -

Answer 18

medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna

Question 19

Pronation

Answer 19

Pronation - rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces laterally

Question 20

Supination -

Answer 20

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces medially
Note: Hands are supinated in anatomical position.

Question 21

Elevation

Answer 21

upward movement of a structure

Question 22

Depression

Answer 22

downward movement of a structure

Question 23

Retraction -

Answer 23

movement of a structure to be drawn in the posterior direction (drawn backward)

Question 24

Protraction -

Answer 24

movement of a structure to be drawn in the anterior direction (drawn forward)

Question 25

Anatomical position

Answer 25

Anatomical position is the reference point of a standard body position (Figure 1.26). In the anatomical position, the body is vertical with feet slightly apart. It looks like someone who is standing at attention. The palms of the hands face forward (in supination), and the thumbs point away from the body. The palms face forward in anatomical position so that the bones in the forearm (radius and ulna) are uncrossed

Question 26

The appendicular

Answer 26

The appendicular part (Figure 1.28) of the body consists of the appendages or limbs that are attached to axis of the body as well as the pelvic and pectoral (shoulder) girdles that serve as a point of attachment.

Question 27

sagittal plane

Answer 27

sagittal plane results in a sagittal section. A sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sections. A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is known as the median plane or midsagittal plane.

Question 28

Frontal planes

Answer 28

Frontal planes lie vertically. Frontal planes divide the body into anterior and posterior sections. A frontal plane is also called a coronal plane.

Question 29

A transverse plane

Answer 29

A transverse plane is known as a horizontal plane. It runs horizontally from right to left and divides the body into superior and inferior parts. A transverse section of the body is called a cross section.

Question 30

Oblique sections

Answer 30

are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes.

Question 31

The dorsal cavity

Answer 31

The dorsal cavity primarily protects the nervous system organs, which tend to be very fragile. Within the dorsal cavity are the cranial and spinal cavities.

Question 32

The cranial cavity

Answer 32

The cranial cavity sits in the skull and houses the brain.

Question 33

The vertebral or spinal cavity

Answer 33

The vertebral or spinal cavity runs within the bony vertebral column and encases the spinal cord.

Question 34

The ventral body cavity

Answer 34

The ventral body cavity is anterior and the larger of the two cavities. Within the ventral cavity are the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. The ventral cavity houses the visceral organs.

Question 35

The thoracic cavity

Answer 35

The thoracic cavity is protected by the ribs and muscles found within the chest (Figure 1.32). The thoracic cavity is further divided into the lateral pleural cavities, which each contain a lung, and the pericardial cavity, which surrounds the heart. The pericardial cavity is located in the mediastinum which is a subsection of the thoracic cavity situated between the pleural cavities. The mediastinum also includes other structures, such as the esophagus and the trachea.

Question 36

The thoracic cavity

Answer 36

The thoracic cavity is divided from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a dome shaped muscle that is vital to the breathing mechanism

Question 37

The abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 37

The abdominopelvic cavity has two parts: the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity. The superior portion is the abdominal cavity that houses the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver.

Question 38

The pelvic cavity

Answer 38

The pelvic cavity lies in the bony pelvis and houses the bladder, reproductive organs, and the rectum. The organs of the abdominal cavity are very vulnerable to injury because the walls of the abdominal cavity are formed only by the muscles in the trunk of the body. There is no bone for protection. The bony pelvis provides more protection for the pelvic organs.