AP psych first set Flashcards
Critical thinking
cards by : Anna James Esch
Definition: The way people think to make decisions, solve problems, and to learn new information.
example: Ashley used critical thinking to support her stressed friend.
Empiricism
Definition: Locke’s theory that knowledge comes from your experiences, especially from your 5 senses.
example: If a baby puts a fork in the outlet and gets shocked it now knows not to put a fork in an outlet.
Willhelm Wundt
A German psychologist that created an experiment of a ball hitting a platform. He asked people to press a button after hearing the ball drop on the platform. He studied the awareness of the people in the experiment. He also created his own psychological laboratory.
Example: He created the first psychology laboratory. He also influenced many branches of psychology.
Bradford Titchener
Bradford introduced structuralism in Wundt’s laboratory. He asked people to be self-reflective and introspective to describe what they were thinking, feeling, and seeing at multiple scents, tastes, and objects.
Example: He is known for his idea of structuralism.
Structuralism
It used introspection to reveal the structure of the mind.
Example: When you use your TV did not have a screen then it would not have all the features it’s supposed to because then you can’t see the images on the screen. Every feature makes the experience.
William James
James thought it was more effective to consider how evolved functions of our feeling and thoughts affect us. He asked why the brain does what it does. He was very influenced by Darwin’s natural selection. He thought things like smelling were adaptive to help our ancestors survive.
example: He established functionalism and helped psychology advance.
introspection
Looking at your own thoughts and feeling to observe your psychological process.
example: this is seen in journaling, and meditation
Mary Calkins
Mary was James’s student at Harvard. She completed all the requirements for the Ph.D. she wanted and outsourced all of her male competition but Harvard declined her degree and offered one from a close by women’s school. She refused the offer. Despite all of that, she became the first female president of the America Psychological Association.
Example: She thought that the study of the conscious self was fundamental for psychology.
Functionalism
A thought made by James who was influenced by Darwin. It explored the possibility of mental and behavioral process functions to help an organism survive.
Example: Parents take care of children to have the children care for them when they get elderly.
behaviorism
The theory that psychology should be viewed by a person’s behavior and not their mental process
Example: Giving a treat to a dog after they successfully do a trick.
Humanistic psychology
A theory by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted the idea that psychology should be more about someone’s personal growth instead of childhood memories or conditioned responses.
Example: A therapist that sees a client to try to figure what needs aren’t being met.
cognitive psych
The study of the mind and how it learns, reacts, communicates, and remembers information. It’s also how thinking interacts with mental disorders like depression and anxiety.
example: Somone might go see a cognitive psychologist to help with a memory disorder.
cognitive neuroscience
The combination of cognitive psychology and neuroscience. It’s the study of the brain and its mental process.
example: We need to make desicians to survive so when they end with a reward our dopamine neurons would rise.
psychology
The science of behavior and mental processes.
Example: This includes motivations, keeping up with healthy habits, and relationships.
Nature vs. Nurture issue
controversy that has been debated over many years arguing that psychological traits come from someones genes and experiences.
example: Nature argues that genetics have a big arts f obesity while the nurture side sees being raised with unhealthy eating the cause of obesity.
natural selection
A theory made by Charles Darwin after his journey in the Galapagos islands. Nature selects certain adaptations that will help the survival and reproduction of a species.
example: A bird species bugs and slowly some of them adapt long tongues and beaks to get bugs easier. According to natural selection the ones without this adaptation will shortly die out and the ones with the adaptation will survive and reproduce making the adaptation common in that bird.
evolutionary psych
The study of behavior and the mind and how it evolved using the natural selection principle.
example: The ability to know that a bear means danger which was passed down from generation to generation.
behavior genetics
the study of how individuals genes and environment effects how they behave.
example: lie autism and depression.
culture
Behaviors, attitudes, ides, and values that are shared by a group that is transmitted to the next generation.
Example: Like how Britians say crisps when Americans say french fries.
positive psychology
The study of human thriving, trying to discover and promoting strengths that help people and communities flourish.
example: Mindfullness is the awareness that comes when from being in the present. This contributes to the Pleasant Life which means that it helps improve peoples lives.
biopsychosocial approach
An integrated approach that involves the biological, psychological, and social factors and their complex relationships to understand the mind’s process.
example: Smoking is a good example because some of the psychological reasons to smoke might be thinking it helps with stress and some of the social reasons might be because your friends are doing it or because it makes you seem cool in school.
behavioral psych
The study and observation of a person’s behavior and its an explanation.
Example: Sarah might have to study more because her mom got angry for her getting a bad grade on a test since she didn’t try.
biological psych
The study of a mix of biological aspects like genetics and hormones, and psychological processes. In biological psychology, you examine the relationship between the body and mind and how hereditary affects it.
Example: Biology psychology studies stuff like how pain travels through the body.
psychodynamic psychology
The study of how unconscious decisions and conflicts affects someone’s behavior and mental state. Its experiences from a person’s life and childhood that influences their day by day behavior and decisions
Example: A psychodynamic psychologist might see a agressve outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility.
social culture psych
The study of how ones culture effects their behavior and thought process
example: Social classes, religious norms, and finally language can all effect how we act and think.
testing effect
a strategy of retaining information by retesting yourself on the material to engrave it into your mind.
Example: When a person tests and retests over nd over again new information they will have an easier time remembering the stuff later. If I tested myself over and over again on the testing effect I would have an easier time remember when I take the actual test on this subject.
SQ3R
a method of studying that involves five steps which are survey, question, read, retrieve, and finally review.
example: I could use the SQ3R study method to remember that SQ3R means survey, question, read, retrieve, and review.
psychometrics
The study of what a human is capable of, attitude, and their traits.
example: An example of a psychometric test could be a personality questionnaire.
Basic Research
A Science that is meant to provide a bit more knowledge on a topic that someone is trying to learn about.
Example: If someone is trying to learn about how anxiety medicine affects the body they would do basic research to learn a bit more about it.
developmental psychology
The study of how humans adapt, change, and grow as they age.
Example: The study of development delays like if a baby isn’t walking by 15 months.
