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AP Psych > AP Psych Midterm > Flashcards

AP Psych Midterm Flashcards

Study for midterms

1
Q

Experiment:

A

Researcher controls variables to establish cause and effect

Disadvantage: difficult to generalize

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2
Q

Independent Variable

A

Purposefully altered by researcher to look for effect

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3
Q

Experimental Group

A

Received the treatment (part of the IV); can have multiple exp, groups

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4
Q

Control Group

A

Placebo, baseline (part of the IV); can only have 1

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5
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Show behaviors associated with the exp. group when having received placebo

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6
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Measured variable (is DEPENDENT on the independent variable)

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7
Q

Double Blind

A

Where neither the participant or the experimenter are aware of which condition people are assigned to (drug studies)

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8
Q

Single Blind

A

Only participant blind- used if experimenter can’t be blind (gender, age, etc)

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9
Q

Operational Definition

A

Clear, precise typically quantifiable definition of your variables - allows replication

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10
Q

Confound

A

Error/flaw in study

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11
Q

Random assignment

A

Assigns participants to either control or experimental group at random - increase chance of equal representation among groups

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12
Q

Random sample (selection)

A

Method for choosing participants for your study - everyone has a chance to take part, increases generalizability

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13
Q

Representative Sample

A

Sample mimics the general pop.

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14
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Variables increase and decrease toagher

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15
Q

Negative Correlation

A

As one variable increases the other decreases

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16
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Adv: Real world validity (observe people in their own setting)

Disadv: no cause and effect

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17
Q

Case study

A

Adv: Studies ONE person (usually) in great detail - lots of info

Disadv: No cause and effect

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18
Q

ETHICAL GUIDELINES

A
  • Confidentiality
  • Informed Consent
  • Debriefing
  • Deception must be warranted
  • No Harm
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19
Q

Neuron

A

Basic cells of the NS

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20
Q

Dendrites

A

Short, branchlike structures of a neuron that receive information from receptors and other neurons

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21
Q

Soma

A

Cell body (includes nucleus)

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22
Q

Axon

A

Part of a neuron that transmits information to other neurons and to muscles and glands

23
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Fatty protein substance that covers some axons, increasing speed of transmission

24
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messenger that cross the synaptic gap between neurons

25
Synapse
Site where two or mor neurons interact but do not touch
26
Reuptake
- Method of clearing a neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft, in which the neurotransmitter is reabsorbed into the terminal buttons
27
Endorphins
"morphine within", natural, opiate like neurotransmitter linked to pain control and to pleasure
28
Resting potential
Electrical charge (negative) of a neuron when it is not firing
29
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
30
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
31
Somatic Nervous System
Division of the peripheral nervous system that control's the body's skeletal muscles
32
Brainstem
- The oldest part of the central core of the brain - Responsible for automatic survival funtions and composed of medulla, pons and reticular formation
33
Pons
Structure of the brainstem that allows for communication between the cerebellum, cerebral cortex
34
Medulla
- Base of the brainstem - Controls heartbeat and breathing
35
Reticular Formation
- Band of nerve fivers that run through the center of the brainstem - Important in controlling arousal levels
36
Cerebellum
- Structure of the hindbrain that coordinates voluntary muscular movements
37
Corpus Callosum
- Wide band of neural fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
38
Limbic System
A group of structures located beneath the cerebral cortex that are involved in regulating emotions and motivated behaviors
39
Thalamus
- Subcortical structure that relays incoming sensory information to the cerbral cortex and other parts of the brain - "Sensory Switchboard"
40
Action Potential
- Brieft electrical charge that travels down the axon - A process also called "depolarization"
41
Threshold
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
42
Refractory period
- Period, after firing, during which the neuron is unable to fire because it is repolarizing
43
Aphasia
loss of ability to speak or understand written or spoken language
44
Endocrine system
The body's "slow" chemical communication system, a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
45
Hormones
Chemicals produced by the glands of the endocrine system that are carried by the bloodstream to other body tissues
46
Pituitary Gland
- Gland located below the thalamus and hypothalamus - Called the "master gland" of the endocrine system because it controls many other glands
47
Acetylocholine (ACh)
- Neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning and memory - Undersupply is linked with Alzheimer's disease
48
Dopamine
- NT that influences movement, learning and attention - Overactivity of receptors linked to schizophrenia while an undersupply linked to Parkinson's disease
49
Serotonin
- NT that affects mood, hunger, sleep, arousal - Undersupply of this NT is linked with Depression
50
Norepinephrine
- NT that controls alertness and arousal - Undersupply can depress mood
51
GABA
- Majory inhibitory NT - Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors and insomnia
52
Glutamate
- Major excitatory NT - Oversupply can overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures
53
Hippocampus
- Structure in the limbic system important in processing memories
54

AP Psych (4 decks)

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