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AP Psych Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.

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2
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Memory for factual information.

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3
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Retention independent of conscious recollection.

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4
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

A type of long-term memory of how to perform different actions and skills.

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5
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

Remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time.

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6
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

An increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

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7
Q

What is working memory?

A

Form of short-term memory used for temporarily holding and manipulating information.

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8
Q

What is the multi-store model?

A

A model of memory that suggests information passes through three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

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9
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

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10
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

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11
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

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12
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.

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13
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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14
Q

What is automatic processing?

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information.

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15
Q

What is effortful processing?

A

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

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16
Q

What is encoding?

A

The processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

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17
Q

What is storage?

A

The retention of encoded information over time.

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18
Q

What is retrieval?

A

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

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19
Q

What is the levels of processing model?

A

The theory that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes.

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20
Q

What is shallow encoding?

A

Processing information based on its surface characteristics.

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21
Q

What is deep encoding?

A

Processing information based on its meaning and the significance of the information.

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22
Q

What are mnemonic devices?

A

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

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23
Q

What is the method of loci?

A

A mnemonic device that involves imagining placing items around a room or along a route.

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24
Q

What is chunking-grouping?

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

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25
What is the spacing effect?
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
26
What is massed practice?
Cramming information all at once. It is less effective than spaced practice.
27
What is distributed practice?
Spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods.
28
What is the serial position effect?
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
29
What is the primacy effect?
The tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows.
30
What is the recency effect?
The tendency to remember information that is presented last.
31
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory.
32
What is elaborative rehearsal?
A method of transferring information from short-term to long-term memory by making that information meaningful in some way.
33
What is retrograde amnesia?
An inability to retrieve information from one's past.
34
What is anterograde amnesia?
An inability to form new memories.
35
What is Alzheimer's disease?
A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning.
36
What is infantile amnesia?
The inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3.
37
What is recall?
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
38
What is recognition?
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
39
What are retrieval cues?
Stimuli that aid the recall or recognition of information stored in memory.
40
What is context-dependent memory?
The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place.
41
What is state-dependent memory?
The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., drunk, sober) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.
42
What is the forgetting curve?
A graph showing retention and forgetting over time.
43
What is encoding failure?
The failure to process information into memory.
44
What is proactive interference?
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
45
What is retroactive interference?
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
46
What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?
The temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach.
47
What is repression?
The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
48
What is the misinformation effect?
Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
49
What is source amnesia?
Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.
50
What is constructive memory?
The process by which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events.
51
What is memory consolidation?
The neural storage of a long-term memory.
52
What is imagination inflation?
The increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event.
53
What is metacognition?
Awareness and control over one's own cognitive processes.
54
What is evolutionary psychology?
The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
55
What is random sampling?
The key technique employed by survey researchers, which operates on the principle that everyone should have an equal probability of being selected for the sample.
56
What is a scatter plot?
A graph of correlated data. The closer the points come to falling on a straight line, the stronger the correlation.
57
What are reliability and validity?
Consistency; accuracy.
58
What is predictive validity?
Refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.
59
What is percentile rank?
The percentage of scores below a specific score in a distribution.
60
What is standard deviation?
A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score; 68-95-99.7 rule.
61
What is skewed distribution?
A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value.
62
What is action potential?
The local voltage change across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted.
63
What is a synapse?
The space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neuron.
64
What is reuptake?
Absorption of the neurotransmitter into the terminal buttons of the sending neuron.
65
What is multiple sclerosis?
Myelin sheath destruction. Disruptions in nerve impulse conduction.
66
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
Part of the Autonomic Nervous System. Mobilizes our body to respond to stress.
67
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
Part of the Autonomic Nervous System. Slowing body down after a stress response.
68
What is the cerebellum?
Part of hindbrain. Coordinates our balance and fine muscle movements.
69
What are semi-circular canals?
The part of the ear that controls the vestibular sense/balance.
70
What is the amygdala?
Fear and aggression.
71
What is the hippocampus?
Memory.
72
What is Broca's area?
Speech production.
73
What are occipital lobes?
Regions of the cerebral cortex - at the back of the brain - important for vision.
74
What are temporal lobes?
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.
75
What is brain plasticity?
The ability of other parts of the brain to take over functions of damaged regions. Declines as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralize.
76
What is insomnia?
The most common sleep disorder. They have persistent problems getting to sleep or staying asleep at night.
77
What is narcolepsy?
A rare sleep disorder; they suffer from periods of intense sleepiness and may fall asleep at unpredictable and inappropriate times.
78
What is sleep apnea?
Causes a person to stop breathing for short periods of time during the night.
79
What are stimulants?
Speed up body processes, including autonomic nervous system functions such as heart and respiration rate. Caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, and nicotine are some.
80
What are depressants?
Slow down body processes, including our reaction and judgment, by slowing down brain processes. Common ones include alcohol, barbiturates, and anxiolytics.
81
What is the function of endorphins?
Pain control; involved in addictions.
82
What is transduction?
The process of converting incoming physical energy into a neural code that can be processed.
83
What are cones?
Cells activated by color.
84
What are rods?
Cells that respond to black and white.
85
What is the opponent-process theory?
The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. This is supported by the use of afterimages.
86
What is the difference threshold (just-noticeable difference)?
The smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before we can detect a change. Computed by Weber's law.
87
What is priming?
An implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus (i.e., perceptual pattern) influences the response to another stimulus.
88
What is the Flynn effect?
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations.
89
What is selective attention?
The process by which one can pick out different encoding for encoding. (distinguishing between what is important and what is relevant)
90
What is retinal disparity?
A binocular cue for perceiving depth.
91
What is accommodation?
Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
92
What is assimilation?
Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas.
93
What is stereotype threat?
The apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype.
94
What are heuristics?
Mental shortcuts.
95
What is the availability heuristic?
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
96
Explicit memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and 'declare.'

AP Psych (1 decks)

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