AP Psych Unit 10 Ch 9-10 Key Terms CSV brain scape

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Question 2

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 2

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

the processing of information into the memory system - for ex. by extracting meaning

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

the retention of encoded information over time

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

the process of getting information out of the memory storage

Question 6

Sensory Memory

Answer 6

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 7

Short-Term Memory

Answer 7

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the info is stored or forgotten

Question 8

Long-Term Memory

Answer 8

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Question 9

Working Memory

Answer 9

a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Question 10

Automatic Processing

Answer 10

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned infromation, such as word meanings.

Question 11

Effortful Processing

Answer 11

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Question 12

Rehearsal

Answer 12

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness, or to encode it for storage.

Question 13

Spacing Effect

Answer 13

the tendency for distributied study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Question 14

Serial Position Effect

Answer 14

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

Question 15

Visual Encoding

Answer 15

the encoding of picture images.

Question 16

Acoustic Encoding

Answer 16

the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

Question 17

Semantic Encoding

Answer 17

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

Question 18

Mnemonics

Answer 18

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Question 19

Chunking

Answer 19

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Question 20

Iconic Memory

Answer 20

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 21

Echoic Memory

Answer 21

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Question 22

Amnesia

Answer 22

the loss of memory

Question 23

Implicit Memory

Answer 23

retention independent of conscious recollection (procedural memory)

Question 24

Explicit Memory

Answer 24

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” (declarative memory)

Question 25

Recall

Answer 25

a measure of memory in which the person must retreive information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Question 26

Recognition

Answer 26

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

Question 27

Relearning

Answer 27

a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

Question 28

Priming

Answer 28

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. (Shop ==> stop)

Question 29

Mood-Congruent Memory

Answer 29

the tendency to recall experience that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.

Question 30

Proactive Interference

Answer 30

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Question 31

Retroactive Interference

Answer 31

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

Question 32

Misinformation Effect

Answer 32

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

Question 33

Cognition

Answer 33

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Question 34

Prototype

Answer 34

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category.

Question 35

Algorithm

Answer 35

a methodical, logical rule, or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier - but more error prone - use of heuristics.

Question 36

Heuristic

Answer 36

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but more error prone than algorithms.

Question 37

Insight

Answer 37

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

Question 38

Confirmation Bias

Answer 38

a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preceptions.

Question 39

Fixation

Answer 39

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.

Question 40

Mental Set

Answer 40

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Question 41

Functional Fixedness

Answer 41

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

Question 42

Representative Heuristic

Answer 42

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.

Question 43

Availability Heuristic

Answer 43

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.

Question 44

Framing

Answer 44

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.

Question 45

Belief Bias

Answer 45

the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.

Question 46

Belief Perseverance

Answer 46

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Question 47

Language

Answer 47

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Question 48

Phenomene

Answer 48

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Question 49

Morpheme

Answer 49

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a wrod or part of a word (prefix)

Question 50

Grammar

Answer 50

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate and understand others

Question 51

Semantics

Answer 51

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning..

Question 52

Syntax

Answer 52

the rules for combining words into gramatically sensible sentences in a given language