AP PSYCH- UNIT 4 conditioning

Question 1

associative learning

Answer 1

a learning mode in which ideas and experiences are mentally linked and thereby reinforce each other

Question 2

behavioral perspective

Answer 2

the approach that suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study

Question 3

behaviorism

Answer 3

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

Question 4

behaviorists

Answer 4

people who study only observable behavior in psychology

Question 5

classical conditioning

Answer 5

a type of learning that links a neutral stimulus to another stimulus that elicits a natural or involuntary response in a given organism

Question 6

environmental determinism

Answer 6

the idea that our environment shapes every aspect of who we are. it allows us to understand the world in a way that makes the world controllable and suggests that we can change who people become by manipulating the circumstances in which they develop

Question 7

instrumental conditioning

Answer 7

aka operant conditioning

Question 8

law of effect

Answer 8

states that any behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, while any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be reduced or stopped

Question 9

learning

Answer 9

a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience or practice

Question 10

operant conditioning

Answer 10

a type of learning in which voluntary behavior is modified by subsequent consequences

Question 11

acquisition

Answer 11

the formation of a learned association

Question 12

conditioned response

Answer 12

behavior that is considered a reflex or autonomic response, now paired with a conditioned stimulus

Question 13

conditioned stimulus

Answer 13

neutral stimulus paired with the unconditioned stimulus that becomes part of a new stimulus-response association

Question 14

consequences

Answer 14

a result or effect of an action or condition.

Question 15

contiguity

Answer 15

the closeness in time between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

extinction

Answer 16

a process that leads to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus by presenting the conditioned stimulus repeatedly without pairing it without the unconditioned stimulus

Question 17

garcia effect

Answer 17

aka taste aversion

Question 18

neutral stimulus

Answer 18

a stimulus that evokes no special response except to call attention to it

Question 19

spontaneous recovery

Answer 19

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 20

stimulus discrimination

Answer 20

a response to only the specific stimulus that has been conditioned

Question 21

stimulus generalization

Answer 21

a response to another stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus

Question 22

stimulus-response learning

Answer 22

the learning of an association between a stimulus and a response, with the result that the stimulus comes to elicit the response directly

Question 23

taste aversion

Answer 23

a unique conditioned aversion that is accomplished rapidly by a single pairing of an illness or symptoms such as nausea with eating a specific food, even though the specific food is not the actual cause

Question 24

unconditioned response

Answer 24

behavior that is a reflex or autonomic response

Question 25

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 25

any stimulus that elicits an autonomic/automatic/reflexive response in an organism

Question 26

avoidance behavior

Answer 26

a behavior that prevents an aversive event by emitting target behaviors early

Question 27

avoidance conditioning

Answer 27

similar to escape conditioning but includes a conditioned stimulus and is preventive in nature

Question 28

chaining

Answer 28

in operant conditioning, combining the steps of a sequence to progress toward a final action

Question 29

continuous reinforcement

Answer 29

occurs when every instance of a desired behavior that occurs is reinforced

Question 30

escape conditioning

Answer 30

operant conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to perform an operation to terminate an ongoing, aversive stimulus

Question 31

fixed interval schedule

Answer 31

provides reinforcement for the first behavior after a fixed period of time