AP PSYCH UNIT 4 FLAHSH CARDS

Question 1

What is sensation

Answer 1

• The process that occurs when special receptors on sensory organs are activated - becomes neural signals in the brain.

Question 2

Top down vs bottom up processing

Answer 2

Bottom up - is the analysis of the more minor features to build up to a complete perception.
Top-down processing- the use of pre-existing knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole using our experience knowledge and memory to make meaning out of sensory input

Question 3

absolute threshold

Answer 3

The absolute minimum we can see or hear

Question 4

difference threshold

Answer 4

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection is 50% of the time, Aka a noticeable difference

Question 5

How might these thresholds vary from person to person

Answer 5

Our ability is influenced by experiences, expectations, and psychological state.

Question 6

What is signal detection theory? How does the theory explain the differing perceptions of pain

Answer 6

The theory seeks to predict when we will successfully detect a weak stimulus. reacting no stimulus.
There is a threshold we have to pass to detect pain

Question 7

Explain the just noticeable difference and webers law

Answer 7

Webers, law the stimuli must differ by a constant apportion not an amount for the difference to be noticed

Question 8

What is sensory adaptation? What occurs to ouyr ability to detect sensory stimuli after prolonged exposure, examples for senses

Answer 8

Sensory adaption-Our sensitivity to stimulus diminishes as a sequence of constant stimulation
Sight is different because eyes are constantly moveing

Question 9

What is transduction

Answer 9

the process by which one form of energy is converted into another.

Question 10

Perception

Answer 10

the method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment is - interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion,( he way you think about or understand someone or something)

Question 11

What is selective attention? what is the benefit of this characterisic of our sensory abilities?

Answer 11

Focusing of conscious on a particular stimulus excluding other sensory information allows people to have more focus on task relevant information

Question 12

What is change blindness

Answer 12

The concept that we don’t notice changes after interruption’s to the visual field

Question 13

What is a perceptual set understand how our knowledge experiences, expectation’s influence the way in which we interpret sensory stimuli

Answer 13

A mental predisposition to see things in a certain way, Prevents us from accurately perceiving the truth
Influenced by your experiences, assumptions, and expectations.

Question 14

What is a schema? How does it help us interpret vague sensory information?

Answer 14

Schemas can describe how specific knowledge is organized and stored in memory so that it can be accessed and used when it is needed., allows us to take shortcuts in interpreting the vast amount of information

Question 15

What is the context effect? Why does the same stimulus produce different percetion in different situations. - relate to top-down processing

Answer 15

The context of a stimulus influence the way we interpret information, therefore the same stimulus can evoke different perceptions in different situations.(motivation nd emotion affects the way we interpret a stimulus.
The context or circumstance in which an event or object being perceived can influence what we expect to find in the situation.

Question 16

What is ESP, why is it not respected in the scientific world

Answer 16

ESP- extrasensory perception(sixth sense).
Parapsychology - paranormal studies.
Not respected because psychics predictions are seldom true, and many are vague and general

Question 17

What kinds of energy do eyes detect? what do the frequency and amplitude of waves determine?

Answer 17

Visible lightwaves,
Amplitude- describes the power of the wave, which is representing by the height of sound wave
Frequency- the speed of the wave.(distance between start and end of each wave)

Question 18

What are the photoreceptors that detect light in the retina and what do they ach detect specifically?

Answer 18

Cones- Provide the detail and color (doesn’t work in low light)
rods- Detect black white and gray(works in low light conditions)

Question 19

Explain bipolar and ganglion cells function.- What order do the cells come in

Answer 19

bipolar- collects light photoreceptor signals to the outer retinal and signals to the inner retina
Ganglion- provides info important for detecting shape and movement for objects.

Question 20

Young helmholtz trichromatic theory

Answer 20

-The retina contains different cones each sensitive to a different color, receptive to a different wave length->combined produces a wide array of colors

Question 21

Opponent process theory- which complementary colors compete against each other - how does the theory relate the seeing afterimages

Answer 21

Made to answer lingering questions about color vision. proposes that one member of the color pair suppresses the other color
When looking at a color for a long period, it causes receptor cells to be tired. Causes weak signals, thus the perception of opposing colors

Question 22

What is parallel processing?

Answer 22

Processing different visual stimuli simultaneously, depth, movement, and front

Question 23

What is color blindness?

Answer 23

occurs when there is a problem with pigmentation in certain nerves that sense color

Question 24

Who are Hubel and Weasel? What did their work focus on? Understand their discovery

Answer 24

Feature detector neurons in the occipital lobe primary visual cortex are specialized to respond to specific features of visual stimuli such as shape orientation or movement
( some neurons were only responsive to information that came from a single eye).

Question 25

What is Gestalt psychology? what is its key principal?

Answer 25

A movement in psychology- emphasized our tendency to intergrade pieces of information into a meaningful whole

Question 26

Proximity and similarity

Answer 26

proximity- nearness Similarity- likeness

Question 27

Continuity and connectedness

Answer 27

continuity-smooth patterns Connectedness- we can see connections in disjointed objects

Question 28

Closure

Answer 28

The concept that we tend to fill in blanks to perceive a complete object

Question 29

Define depth perception

Answer 29

The ability to see things in three dimension's(length, witeth, depth, and judge how far away an object is

Question 30

Eplain the visual cliff experiment. What does the device test for? WHat are the findings of the research?

Answer 30

Elanor givson and richard walk, tested on babies and animals. Used a half cutten table Tests depth perception to understand the babies and animals take on depth perception. -Resulted on the idea the Depth perception is partially innate.

Question 31

Retinal disparity

Answer 31

We tend to note differences between the images detected in each eye, to calculate distance

Question 32

Convergence

Answer 32

The idea that we detect tention in oyr eyes as they turn inward t veiw objects.- Also allows us to determine distance

Question 33

Relative size

Answer 33

closer obkects appear larger

Question 34

Interpostition

Answer 34

Closer objects block the objects further away (you know that your keyboard is closer than your desk because you see the desk around the keyboard.)

Question 35

Realative clarity

Answer 35

Closer obkects appear mopre clearly

Question 36

Texture gradient

Answer 36

texture is more coarse(rought) and detailed up close

Question 37

Relative hight

Answer 37

Objects higher in ur visual field are perceived as further away and objects lower than our field are closer

Question 38

Motion parallax

Answer 38

Objects closer appear to move faster than objects that are further.- as we move statinary objects seem to move with us.

Question 39

Linear perspective

Answer 39

Parrallel lines appear to meet at a distance

Question 40

Light and shadow

Answer 40

Nearby objects reflect more light so dimmer objects seem further away

Question 41

Size

Answer 41

The ability to perceive an object frm distances and be able to recognize it

Question 42

Shape

Answer 42

The ability to perceive that a shape remains the same

Question 43

lightness

Answer 43

The anility to percieve the relative reflectance of objects

Question 44

Color

Answer 44

To percieve colors as relatively cnstant over varying illuminations

Question 45

Perceptual adaptin

Answer 45

The ability of the body to adopt to an eniviroment by filtering out distractions

Question 46

Pinna & malleus

Answer 46

Pinna- collects sound waves and channels them Malleus- transfers auditory oscillations(the rhythmic and/or repetitive electrical activity generated spontaneously and in response to stimuli )

Question 47

Catilage& temporal bone

Answer 47

cartilage- maiontains the shape of your ears Temporal bone- houses cockles, canals, and hearing organs

Question 48

Cochlea& ear canal

Answer 48

Cochlea- recieves sounds Ear canal- entryway for soundwaves

Question 49

ear drums& semi circlar canals

Answer 49

sends vibrations to inner ear helps keep balance in the body

Question 50

naspharynx Vesticular nerve

Answer 50

Connects nasal passage to respititory system Handles balace and equillibrium

Question 51

How are sound waves converted into neural impulses? understand the stuctures of the cochlea and how they function

Answer 51

Waves are created throught auditory stimului and particles through the air

Question 52

What are two theories regarding our perception of pitch

Answer 52

place theory Frequency theory

Question 53

Explain the different types of deafness and possible treatments

Answer 53

Conduction- damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound wave Sensorineural- Damage to cochlea's receptor cells

Question 54

how do we detect the location of sound? Why might moving you head help you determine where a sound is coming from?

Answer 54

Our ears are able to detect miniute differences in the stimulus that reaches each ear it helps Because soundwaves hit the closest ear sooner, and is slightly louder

Question 55

Explain the gate theory. What are the types of stimuli that might provide competing signals that block pain messages

Answer 55

A mechanism, in the spinal cord, in which pain signals can be sent up to the brain to be processed to accentuate the possible perceieved pin, or attenuate it at the spinal cord itself.

Question 56

What kind of stimuli is being detected-- taste

Answer 56

A chemical stimuli

Question 57

what is sensory interaction

Answer 57

The intergration of sensory processes wehen performing a task

Question 58

Smell- doesn't go with the thalamus, what is Olfaction

Answer 58

A sense of smell we use to process external stimuli

Question 59

How do we detect smells? what kinda of stimuli is being detected

Answer 59

Detected by a ample number of sensory receptors in the top of the nasal caviety A chemical stimuli

Question 60

What is kinethesis and where are the recptor cells located

Answer 60

Our sense of body position and movement, inner ear

Question 61

what is our vestibular sense? What is the role of the semicircular canals in the balance

Answer 61

Vestibular sense- the sense of body movement asnd position, provides a sense of balance

Question 62

explain how the biopsychosocial model applies to pain

Answer 62

It describes pain to have all three components biological, psychological, and social