AP Psych Unit 5

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information and behaviors

Question 2

habituation

Answer 2

decreasing response to a stimulus due to repeated exposure

Question 3

associative learning

Answer 3

learning that certain events happen together

Question 4

cognitive learning

Answer 4

acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events or watching others, or through language

Question 5

classical conditionging

Answer 5

learning to link two or more stimuli to anticipate events

Question 6

person associated with classical conditioning

Answer 6

Ivan Pavlov

Question 7

behaviorism

Answer 7

view that psychology is an (a) objective science that (b) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

modern psychologists agree with a & not b

Question 8

person associated with behaviorism

Answer 8

John B. Watson

Question 9

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 9

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response
(ie. food in Pavlov’s experiment)

Question 10

unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 10

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
(ie. drooling in Pavlov’s experiment)

Question 11

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 11

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
(ie. the tone in Pavlov’s experiment)

Question 12

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 12

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant (neutral) stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
(ie. the tone in Pavlov’s experiment)

Question 13

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 13

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus
(ie. salvation in response to the tone)

Question 14

acquisition in classical conditioning

Answer 14

when one links a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus so the NS will trigger the conditioned response

Question 15

acquisition in operant conditioning

Answer 15

the strengthening of a reinforced response

Question 16

higher-order/second order conditioning

Answer 16

in classical conditioning, when a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus to create a second conditioned stimulus

Question 17

extinction

Answer 17

diminished responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus no longer signals an impending conditioned response

Question 18

spontaneous recovery

Answer 18

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 19

generalization

Answer 19

the tendency, once a response is conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Question 20

discrimination

Answer 20

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that are not similar enough and do not trigger a response

Question 21

operant conditioning

Answer 21

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Question 22

person associated with operant conditioning

Answer 22

B. F. Skinner

Question 23

law of effect

Answer 23

principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 24

person who created the law of effect

Answer 24

Edward L. Thorndike

Question 25

skinner box/operant chamber

Answer 25

used for operant conditioning with rats

Question 26

reinforcement

Answer 26

in operant conditioning, any consequence that strengthens behavior

Question 27

shaping

Answer 27

operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 28

discriminative stimulus

Answer 28

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement (ie. traffic lights & birds distinguishing humans from other things)

Question 29

primary reinforcers

Answer 29

innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (ie. eating when hungry, having headache go away)

Question 30

secondary reinforcers

Answer 30

stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (ie. light that signals food in a skinner box)

Question 31

reinforcement schedule

Answer 31

pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Question 32

continuous reinforcement

Answer 32

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 33

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 33

reinforcing a stimulus only part of the time; results in slower acquisition & greater resistance to extinction

Question 34

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 34

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 35

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 35

reinforces a response after an unpredicted number of responses

Question 36

fixed interval schedule

Answer 36

reinforces a response only after a certain amount of time has elapsed

Question 37

variable-interval schedule

Answer 37

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 38

positive punishment

Answer 38

administers an aversive stimulus

Question 39

negative punishment

Answer 39

withdraw a rewarding stimulus

Question 40

person associated with taste aversion

Answer 40

John Garcia

Question 41

published that model of associative learning & studied conditioning

Answer 41

Rescorla & Wagner

Question 42

who created the cognitive map (studied mice in mazes)

Answer 42

Tolman

Question 43

cognitive map

Answer 43

mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Question 44

latent learning

Answer 44

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it (ie. watching someone do something new and repeating it later)

Question 45

insight

Answer 45

sudden realization of a problem's solution

Question 46

intrinsic motivation

Answer 46

doing something for its own sake

Question 47

extrinsic motivation

Answer 47

doing something for the sake of rewards/punishments

Question 48

problem-focused coping

Answer 48

attempting to alleviate stress directly, by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

Question 49

emotion-focused coping

Answer 49

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

Question 50

learned helplessness

Answer 50

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Question 51

external locus of control

Answer 51

perception that chance or outside forces beyond our control determine our fatein

Question 52

internal locus of control

Answer 52

perpection that you control your own fate

Question 53

self-control

Answer 53

ability to control impulses & delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

Question 54

observational learning

Answer 54

learning by observing others

Question 55

modeling

Answer 55

the process of observing & imitating a specific behavior

Question 56

person associated with observational learning

Answer 56

Albert Bandura

Question 57

experiment from Albert Bandura

Answer 57

Bobo doll experiment

Question 58

mirror neurons

Answer 58

a brain cell that reacts both when an action is performed and observed

Question 59

prosocial behavior

Answer 59

positive, constructive, or helpful behavior; opposite of antisocial behavior