AP PSYCH unit 8 Flashcards
Learn terms (119 cards)
1
Q
Motivation
A
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
2
Q
Insinct theory
A
A view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses
3
Q
drive-reduction theory
A
the idea that physiological needs create an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
4
Q
arousal theory
A
A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation
5
Q
hierarchy of needs
A
Maslows pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and hen phychological needs become active
6
Q
instinct
A
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and it unlearned
7
Q
physiological need
A
a basic bodily requirment
8
Q
homeostasis
A
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state (the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level, ex: glucose)
9
Q
Ancel Keys
A
Conducted a semi-starvation experiments to measure psych effects of hunger
10
Q
Loran Nordgren
A
Found that individuals in a motivational “hot” state (such as fatigue, hunger, or sexual arousal), become more aware of having had such feelings in the past and are more sympathetic to how fatigue, hunger, or sexual arousal might drive others.
11
Q
A.L. Washburn ( w help of Walter Cannon)
A
swallowed a balloon to see relation between stomach contractions and hunger
12
Q
glucose
A
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major scource of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
13
Q
insulin
A
A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues
14
Q
arcuate nucleus
A
an arc-shaped hypothalamic nucleus implicated in appetite control
15
Q
ghrelin
A
A hunger-arousing hormine secreted by an empty stomach
16
Q
leptin
A
hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used
17
Q
self-disclosure
A
voluntary sharing of information about the self that another person is not likley to know
18
Q
subjective well-being
A
self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.
19
Q
Yerkes-Dodson Law
A
the principle that preformance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which preformance decreases
20
Q
Viktor Frankel
A
worked on self-transcendence in the hierarchy of needs
21
Q
Orexin
A
hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus
22
Q
set point
A
the point at which an individuals “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metablic rate may act to restore the lost weight
23
Q
basal metabolic rate
A
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure (metabolism)
24
Q
neophobia
A
dislike of unfamiliar things
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ecology of eating
situations control our eating
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asexual
having no sexual attraction
27
testosterone
primary male sex hormone. both amles and females have it but the addittional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and development of the male sex characteristics
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Estrogen
primary female sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by famles than males and contributing to female sex characteristics.
29
Alfred Kinsley
his research described human sexual behavior and was controversial (for its methodology and findings)
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sexual response cycle
the 4 stages of sexual responding: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. (masters and johnson found through direct observation and experimentation)
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refractory period
in human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person can't acheive another
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habituate
lessen a response as one becomes accustomed due to repeated exposire
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sexual orinetation
A person's sexual idenitity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted
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affiliation need
the need to build relationships and to feel a part of a group
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Alfred Adler
Desdcribed urge to form community
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autonomy
a sense of personal control
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competence
the ability to do something successfully or efficiently
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self-esteem
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
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avoidance
feeling such discomfort over getting close to others that avoidant strategies are used to maintain distance
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ostracism
deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
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narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorbtion
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acheivment motivation
a desire for significant accomplisment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard
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grit
passion and perserverance in the pursuit of long term goals (duckworth and seligman)
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Emotions
A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) consious experience
41
William James
(guy that said) physical expression comes before conscious emotion
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Carl Lange
(guy) proposed james-lange theory
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James-Lange Theory
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli (stimulus --> arousal --> emotion)
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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
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Two-factor Theory (Schachter and Singer)
(the Schachter-Singer theory that) to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal
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spillover effect
arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event
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Robert Zajnoc
emotional responses separate from conscious interpretation of stimuli
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Joseph LeDoux
psychologist who believed that some of our emotional reastions involve no deliberate thinking and cognition is not always necessary for emotion
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Richard Lazarus
American psychologist who concluded that some emotional responses do not require conscious thought
50
Carol Izard + the 10 Emotions
isolated 10 emotions: joy, excitement/interest, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt
51
polygraph
a machine used in attempts to detect lied that measures several of the physiological responses (perspiration, heart rate, breathing changes, ect.) that accompany emotion
52
Paul Ekman (and Wallace Friesen)
In a series of cross-cultural studies, they found that people can identify six or so basic emotions from facial expressions
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facial feedback effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
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Behavior feedback effect
the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions
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stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events (stressors), that we find threatening or challenging
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Walter Cannon
studied stress as a biological and psychological response
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General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
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Tend-and-befriend response
under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
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health psychology
a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
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psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
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coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that courish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
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Type A personality
(Friedman and Rosenman's term for) competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
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Type B Personality
(Friedman and Rosenman's term for) easygoing, relaxed people
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Catharsis
the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) releives agressive urges
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Aerobic exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety
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mindfulness meditiation
a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner
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feel-good, do-good phenomenon
people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
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Positive psychology
the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
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Martin Seligman
researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology. (+ grit)
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positive well-being
(1st pillar) satisfaction with th epast, happiness with the present, and optimism about the futute
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positive character
(2nd pillar) - focuses on exploring and enhancing creativity, courage, integrit, self-control, leadership, wisdom, and spirituality
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adaption-level-phenomenon
our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
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relative deprivation
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
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Personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feling, and acting
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Psychodynamic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
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Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
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unconscious
(acc. to Freud) a resevoir of mostly unnacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information of which we're unaware
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Free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
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Id
A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
80
Ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
81
Superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
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Psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
83
Oedipus complex
(acc. to freud) a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
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identification
(Freud) the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
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Fixation
(freud) in psychoanalytic theory, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
(ex: mommy issues, fetishes, ect.)
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Defense mechanism
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
87
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
88
Collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
89
Projective test
a personality test that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
90
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
91
Rorschach inkblot test
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
92
terror-management theory
A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
93
Humanistic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
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self-actualization
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
95
self-transcendence
according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self
96
Unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rodgers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
97
self-concept
all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves. answer to "Who am I?"
98
Trait
A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offsrping through its genes
99
Personality Inventory
A questionnare (often w true or false Q's or agree/disagree) on which ppl respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality INventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.
101
Empirically derived test
a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
102
Social-cognitive perspective
views that behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context
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Behavioral Approach
perpective in personality theory that focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
104
Reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
105
The big 5 Traits - OCEAN
(Robert McCrea and Paul Costa)
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
106
self
in contemporary psych, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
107
Spotlight Effect
overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, preformance, and blunders
108
self-esteem
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
109
self-efficacy
one's sense of competence and effecteveness
110
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
111
individualism
giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
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collectivism
giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly (often one's extended family or work group)
113
Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
114
Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order
115
Karen Horney
Believed personality is shaped by the social relationships between young children and their needs
*Stressed the parent-child relationship
- Studied what produced anxiety
