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2024-2025 study tools > Ap Psych Unit four > Flashcards

Ap Psych Unit four Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Person perception

A

how we form impressions of ourselves and others, including attributions of behavior

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2
Q

attribution theory

A

theory that we explain someone’s behavior by creditiing either situation or the person’s traits

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3
Q

fundemental attribution error

A

the tendency for observers, when analyzing other behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of a persons disposition

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4
Q

action observer bias

A

the tendency for those acting in a situation to attribute their behavior to external causes, while observers attribute behavior to internal causes

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5
Q

prejudice

A

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude to a group and its memebers. Generally invovled negative emotions, stereotyped beliefs, and predisposition to discriminatory action

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6
Q

stereotypes

A

a generalization (some times accurate but often over generalized) belief about a group of people

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7
Q

discriminate

A

unjustifiable negative behavior to a group and its members
- can be obvious or shown through micro aggressions

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8
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

tendency for people to believe the world. is just and that people. therefore deserve what they get and get what they deserve

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9
Q

social identity

A

the “we” aspect of our self concept, the group you belong to

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10
Q

ingroup

A

“us” people with whom we share a common identity with

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11
Q

outgroup

A

“them” those that are different/not a part of our ingroup

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12
Q

ingroup bias

A

tendency to favor our own group (“we” are better than “them”)

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13
Q

scapegoat theory

A

theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame (Covid being the “Chinese virus”)

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14
Q

other-race effect

A

tendency to recall faces of ones own race more than faces of other races

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15
Q

attitudes

A

feelings, often influenced by our beleifs, that predispose us to repond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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16
Q

foot in door phenomon

A

tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply with a later larger request

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17
Q

role

A

set of norms about a social position, definin how those in that postion should behave

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18
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

theory that we act to reduce the discmofort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitive) are inconsistent
(I hate cheating but I cheated on a math test ONLY BC the teacher was bad)

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19
Q

central route persuasion

A

occurs when intrested peopls thinking is infleunced by considering evidence and argument

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19
Q

peripheral route persuasion

A

occurs when people are influenced by incidental (indirect) cues like a speakers attractivness

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20
Q

conformity

A

adjusting our behavior/thinking to coincide with group standards

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20
Q

Norms

A

society’s understood rules for accpeted and expected behavior

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21
Q

informative social influence

A

influence resulting from a persons willingness to accpect others’ opinions about reality

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22
Q

normative social influence

A

infuelnce resulting from a persons desire to gain apporval and avoid disapporval
- we need to belong

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23
social facilitation
in the pressence of others there is imporved performance on simple or well-learned tasks and worsened preformance on difficult tasks - when others observe us we be come AROUSED and this arousal amplifies our reactions (good becoms better; bad becomes worse)
23
obidience
complying with an order or command
24
social loafing
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaing a common goal than when individually accountable
25
deindividuation
loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
26
group polarization
enhancment of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group - can be both good/bad as it magnifies extremes
27
groupthink
mode of thinking that occurs when desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic apprasial of alternatives - doing what the group wants even if the individual does not want to
28
culture
the eduring behaviors ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
29
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or mentally
30
antisocial behaviors
behavior violating norms/others' rights
31
prosocial behavior
behavior that helps/benefits someone
32
Frustration-Aggression principle
frustration (the blocking of an attempt to recieve some goal) creates anger which sparks aggresion
33
social scripts
culuturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations
34
mere exposure effect
tendency for repearted exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them
35
passionate love
an arouse state of intense postive absorption in another, usually at the beginning of a romantic relationship
36
compassionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
37
equity
people recieve in a relationship in proportion to what they give (key to a long lasting one)
38
self diclosure
act of revealing intimate aspects of ourelves to others - liking leads to self disclosure and self disclousure leads to liking
39
altruism
unself regard for the well being of other
40
bystander effect
tendency for any given bystander to be less likley to give aid if other bystanders are present
41
social exchange theory
our social bhevaior is an exchnage processes that aims to maximize benefits and minimize costs (beneifts have to outweight the cost)
42
reciporocity norm
expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
43
social responsibility norm
expectation that people will help those needing their help
44
conflict
a preceieved incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
45
social traps
a situation in which two parties, by each pursuing self-interest rathen than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
46
mirror image preceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting parties, as when each side seesitself as ethical and peaceful and sees the other side as evil and aggressive
47
self-fulfilling prophescies
a beleif that leads to its own fulfillment -"I just touched him, but he hit me!" `
48
Washbuen and Cannon
had people swallow a ballon to show that STOMACH CONTRACTION matches psychological process of hunger
49
glucose
form of sugar that ciruclates in blood (less of it makes you feel hungry) this is were he get our energy
50
Lateral Hypothalamus
Large hunger: tells us to eat
51
Ventromedial hympthalamus
Very minute hunger: tells us to stop eating
52
Insulin
gets glucose where it needs to go (the PANCREAS monitors the bloodstream to send out the insulin)
53
set point theory
"weight thermostat" is supposedly set and individually infleunced by heredity
54
orexin
hunger triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamusgh
55
ghrelin
horomone secreted by empty stomach: sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain
56
Leptin
protein horemone released by fat cells when full
57
PYY
digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" to the brain
58
Emotion
a repsonse of the whole organism invovling (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious expreince resulting from ones interpretations
59
behavior feedback effect
tendency of behavior to influence our own and other's thoughts, feelings, and actions - going through the motions wakens emotions -walking with confidence makes you feel confident
60
facial feedback effect
tendency of facial muscle traits to elicit corresponding feelings - smiling makes you feel happy face feeds feelings
61
James lange theory
physiology is neccasary for emotion - the body causes emotion - you cry so then you feel sad
62
cannon bard theory
biological repsonses are NOT necessary to cause emotion and they often occur at the same time or without each other - i am crying and sad
63
Two factor theory
emotion needs physiological arousal and cognitive label - your heart is racing and your palms are sweaty so your brain interprets this (based on surroundings and whatever) as you being scared

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