AP Psychology Chapter 1 Research Methods

Question 1

researching with factual information in order to arrive at a valid conclusion.

Answer 1

critical thinking

Question 2

an educated guess concerning a specific and testable problem or question

Answer 2

Hypothesis

Question 3

a clear statement expression how the research will be measured.

Answer 3

operational definition

Question 4

any factor that may influence an outcome

Answer 4

variables

Question 5

an explanation of the recorded data used to explain a phenomenon.

Answer 5

theory

Question 6

Watching participants in their natural environment without interference from the researcher.

Answer 6

Naturalistic Observation

Question 7

An in-depth examination of a rare phenomenon that occurred with an individual, small group, or situation.

Answer 7

Case Study

Question 8

The administration of questionnaires or interviews; used to identify attitudes, beliefs, and opinions.

Answer 8

Surveys

Question 9

Examining the relationship between two or more variables.

Answer 9

Correlational Study

Question 10

Attempt to prove causation by allowing the researcher to manipulate one or more variables and measure their outcome.

Answer 10

Experiments

Question 11

the variable that is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter.

Answer 11

independent variable

Question 12

the measurable outcome or resulting effect of the manipulated variable.

Answer 12

dependent variable

Question 13

variables that cannot be controlled by the researcher but may interfere with the independent variable and influence the results.

Answer 13

confounding variable

Question 14

the group that receives the treatment.

Answer 14

control group

Question 15

subjects who act or answer in a way they believe the experimenter wishes.

Answer 15

participant bias

Question 16

the experimenter’s actions which may influence the outcome of the experiment

Answer 16

experimenter bias/expectancy

Question 17

an experiment design in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know who is in the experimental and control groups

Answer 17

double-blind design

Question 18

selecting participants from the population that closely matches the population being studied.

Answer 18

representative sample

Question 19

categorizing the desired target population and selecting participants that best represent a particular category of interest

Answer 19

stratified sample

Question 20

selects individuals from different cohorts (groups) within the population and compares the results of each age group.

Answer 20

cross sectional sample

Question 21

a study that examines/studies the same group of individuals over an extended period of time.

Answer 21

longitudinal study

Question 22

selecting participants from a population that the experimenter wishes to study

Answer 22

sampling

Question 23

selecting participants in a manner that ensures that each member of the pollution has the same possibility of being selected.

Answer 23

random sampling

Question 24

selecting participants in a manner that does not allow for all potential subjects to have an equal chance of being selected.

Answer 24

sampling bias

Question 25

allowing all participants that same opportunity of being placed in a participation group.

Answer 25

random assignment

Question 26

data that are used to numerically summarize or describe the results for the targeted population.

Answer 26

descriptive statistics

Question 27

gathering data and arranging the information to indicate how often a score occurs.

Answer 27

frequency distribution

Question 28

the average numerical value of all presented data

Answer 28

Mean

Question 29

the numerical value that appears in the middle of al presented data.

Answer 29

Median

Question 30

the numerical value that appears most often in the presented data.

Answer 30

Mode

Question 31

a bell shaped curve that graphically represents the occurrence of all the scores in a given set of data.

Answer 31

Normal Curve

Question 32

data that is arranged in a manner resembles a normal curve.

Answer 32

Normal Distribution

Question 33

the variability between scores and how far each diverges from the average/mean.

Answer 33

Standard Deviation

Question 34

the numerical relationship between two or more variables or factors.

Answer 34

Correlation

Question 35

a numerical value demonstrating the strength of the relationship between two or more variables or factors.

Answer 35

Correlation Coefficient

Question 36

one variable or factor increases and the other decreases

Answer 36

negative correlation

Question 37

an incorrect belief that supposes one variable affected the outcome, when it does not have a true impact on the other variable

Answer 37

illusionary correlation

Question 38

allow the researcher to apply his or her results to the general population and infer whether the data can be generalized to the population at large.

Answer 38

Inferential Statistics

Question 39

the resulting correlation is not likely due to chance.

Answer 39

statistically significant

Question 40

participants have agreed to be part of the experiment and are aware of what may take place during the course of the study, as long as it does not influence the experiment.

Answer 40

consent

Question 41

upon completion of the experiment subjects are allowed to know what the researchers were hoping to accomplish and if there was any deception used in the study, and allowed to view the results after the experiment is finalized.

Answer 41

debriefed

Question 42

a research method that examines how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them or assign causation between them

Answer 42

correlational studies

Question 43

based on skepticism, predicts there will not be a significant change as a result of the independent.

Answer 43

null hypothesis

Question 44

Variables need to be written in such a way that it is clear what is being measured

Answer 44

operationalized

Question 45

A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied

Answer 45

Hawthorne effect

Question 46

the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied

Answer 46

Generalizability

Question 47

Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true

Answer 47

Type I error

Question 48

failing to reject a false null hypothesis

Answer 48

Type II error

Question 49

The difference between the highest and lowest values within a distribution.

Answer 49

Range

Question 50

both variables or factors move in the same direction.

Answer 50

Positive Correlation