AP psychology chapter 10

Question 1

Motivations

Answer 1

Ethologists agree that human behaviors are motivated by biological factors.

Question 2

Drive reduction theory

Answer 2

States that behavior is motivated/driven by biological needs. Cannot explain the drive for thrilling or risky behavior such as skydiving.

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

A balanced internal state, which the body seeks. When are are out of homeostasis, we have a need that creates a drive.

Question 4

Primary drives

Answer 4

Biological drives, such as thirst.

Question 5

Secondary drives

Answer 5

Learned drives, such as money.

Question 6

Arousal theory

Answer 6

Focuses on drives not included in the drive reduction theory, aka the drive for thrilling experiences. States that we seek optimum levels of excitement/arousal, which may vary.

Question 7

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 7

Too little arousal (boring) and too high arousal (stressful) impact performance, which also depends on task difficulty. A person might perform well on an easy task with high arousal but if it’s a hard task with high arousal, they won’t. There is an optimal level of arousal, which also varies.

Question 8

Opponent-process theory of motivation

Answer 8

Used to explain addictive behaviors:
- States that people are usually at a baseline (normal) state, and we might perform an act that moves us from the baseline (e,g smoking), which may feel initially pleasurable, but then we feel an opponent process (the urge to go back to the baseline)
- Withdrawals will move our natural baseline, changing it and making addictions harder to give up.

Question 9

Incentive Theory

Answer 9

Behaviors are pulled by desire instead of need, incentives are stimuli that we are drawn to due to nurture/learning.

Question 10

Maslows hierarchy of needs

Answer 10

Not all needs are created equal, physiological needs (hunger) > safety needs > belongingness and love needs > esteem needs (to gain approval and recognition) > self-actualization needs. Makes sense intuitively but some behaviors don’t fit.

Question 11

Biological factors of hunger motivation

Answer 11

Influenced by the hypothalamus, which helps control body parts. 2 parts: the lateral hypothalamus (hunger center) and the ventromedial hypothalamus (safety center).

Question 12

Lateral hypothalamus

Answer 12

Causes animals to eat. No hunger without it, will starve to death.

Question 13

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 13

Causes animals to feel full and stop eating, will eat to death without it.

Question 14

Set point theory

Answer 14

The hypothalamus wants to maintain an optimum body weight. When we drop below that weight, the hypothalamus slows down the metabolic rate.

Question 15

Externals

Answer 15

People who feel motivated to eat food because of external food cues, e.g. attractiveness and availability of food.

Question 16

Internals

Answer 16

People who feel motivated to eat food because of hunger cues.

Question 17

The Garcia effect

Answer 17

In which people associate certain foods with bad memories, thus making them appear unappetizing.

Question 18

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

Answer 18

The 4 sexual response cycles

Question 19

The 4 sexual response cycles

Answer 19

Initial excitement (genital areas swell with blood, respiration and heart rate increases), Plateau phase (genitals secrete fluids to prepare for coitus), orgasm (respiration and heart rate increases, followed by pleasurable euphoria), Resolution phase (respiration and heart rate return to normal, males experience a refractory period before another orgasm).

Question 20

Alfred Kinsey

Answer 20

Documented human sexual behaviors in the Kinsey Reports from the 1940s to 1950s.

Question 21

Achievement motivation

Answer 21

Examines our desires to master complex tasks, learn new skills, achieve personal goals, etc.

Question 22

Extrinsic motivators

Answer 22

Rewards we get for external accomplishments (grades, salary, etc.)

Question 23

Intrinsic motivators

Answer 23

Personal satisfaction and enjoyment. More effective long-term than extrinsic.

Question 24

Management theory

Answer 24

How managers behave is related to extrinsic/intrinsic motivation. 2 basic attitudes: Theory X and Theory Y.

Question 25

Theory X

Answer 25

Employees will only work if motivated by rewards and threats.

Question 26

Theory Y

Answer 26

Employees are internally motivated to work well and policies should encourage it.

Question 27

William James and Carl Lange

Answer 27

Believed that emotions are caused by stress-induced biological changes (e.g feeling fear because the heart races).

Question 28

Walter Cannon and Philip Bard

Answer 28

Found that similar physiological reactions may correspond to very different emotions. They believed that biological change and the cognitive awareness of emotional state occur simultaneously, and the thalamus was responsible for both.

Question 29

Stanley Schachter

Answer 29

Two factor theory.

Question 30

Two Factor theory

Answer 30

Emotional responses are a combination of cognitive labels (mental interpretations of situation)/awareness and physical responses/biological changes. Also states that people who are already physically aroused experience more intense emotions.

Question 31

Sociobiology

Answer 31

States that our basic facial expressions are innate and the same for everyone.

Question 32

Stressors

Answer 32

Certain life events that cause stress.

Question 33

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe

Answer 33

Designed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS).

Question 34

Social Readjustment Rating Scale

Answer 34

Measures stress in life-changing units (LCU), bigger change (good and bad) = more life-changing units.

Question 35

Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 35

Describes the general response humans/animals have to stress in stages: alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion.

Question 36

Alarm Reaction

Answer 36

Stage one of GAS, activates sympathetic flight response in preparation to meet challenge, heart rate increases, blood is diverted, etc.

Question 37

Resistance

Answer 37

Stage 2 of GAS, the sympathetic nervous system remains in use by releasing hormones. The body stays on high alert, can deplete resources.

Question 38

Exhaustion

Answer 38

Stage 3 of GAS, body returns to normal, body more vulnerable to both physical, mental, and emotional afflictions since resources were depleted.