Ap Psychology end of the Year Test Flashcards

Question

Hawthorne effect

Answer 1

People act differently when they know they are being watched Naturalistic observation

Answer 2

Muscle size and exercise The chart of a positive correlation would be going from the bottom left-hand corner to the top right-hand corner

Answer 3

Smoking and health The chart of a negative correlation would start in the upper left-hand corner and go down to the bottom right-hand corner

Answer 4

Random points scattered all over the graph

Answer 5

Series of questions Problems: People lie, vocabulary in questions can affect outcome

Answer 6

Observation of the subject in their natural environment

Answer 7

In-depth study of one person over a long period of time

Answer 8

An in-depth analysis of a person, group or phenomenon

Answer 9

Appears the most

Answer 10

Highest - lowest

Answer 11

How much they vary Difference between the number and the mean

Answer 12

If the results did not occur by chance P

Answer 13

Also known as a standard score Where a score lies in relation to the populations mean

Answer 14

Mimics and excites neuron Heroin

Answer 15

Blocks and inhibits neuron Botox

Answer 16

Brain and spinal cord

Answer 17

Autonomic and somatic

Answer 18

Covers axon, speeds neural impulse

Answer 19

Passes messages away from cell body to other neurons

Answer 20

Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent

Answer 21

Found in central nervous system

Answer 22

A chemical messenger that carries signals between neurons and other cells in the body. neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminal after an action potential has reached the synapse.

Answer 23

Voluntary control of body movements Afferent and efferent neurons

Answer 24

Involuntary and unconscious actions Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Answer 25

Rest and digest

Answer 26

Fight or flight

Answer 27

Hormone control center, controlled by the hypothalamus

Answer 28

Sleep studies, brainwave activity

Answer 29

Injected with glucose, determines function

Answer 30

Magnets, determines brain structure

Answer 31

Combines MRI and PET Measures brain activity by blood flow

Answer 32

Breathing and heart rate

Answer 33

Located in the brainstem, consciousness, keeps cortex alert and attentive

Answer 34

Signal switch board

Answer 35

Balance and movement

Answer 36

Middle of the brain Adrenaline, emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, olfaction

Answer 37

Emotions, in limbic system

Answer 38

Hunger, thirst, fornication

Answer 39

Hearing, auditory cortex

Answer 40

Sight, visual cortex

Answer 41

Sensation, sensory cortex

Answer 42

Decision-making, contains prefrontal and motor cortex

Answer 43

First case study

Answer 44

Speaking Damage=Broken speech

Answer 45

Comprehension

Answer 46

Brain damage, other parts of brain compensate

Answer 47

Corpus callosum was cut in epileptic patients

Answer 48

Combines two halves of brain

Answer 49

Logic, math, language, Reading, writing, analysis

Answer 50

Personality, creativity, intuition, music, art, spatial abilities

Answer 51

Located in the parietal lobe, deals with sensory information such as pain

Answer 52

1. biological – hormones, drugs, neurotransmitters and brain structures influencing body and behaviors 2. Cognitive- behavior is influenced by how a person thinks and remembers 3. Humanistic – self actualization, full potential 4. Behavioral – (John B Watson, Ivan Pavlov, BF Skinner) learn observable responses and consequences 5. Psychoanalytic – behavior from unconscious drives and conflicts 6. Sociocultural- how behavior and thinking vary across cultures 7. Evolutionary – (Darwin, James) natural selection, perpetuation of genes 8. Developmental – study of people from womb to tomb

Answer 53

Frontal lobe Control of voluntary movements

Answer 54

Brain stem

Answer 55

Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep, arousal, temperature

Answer 56

Response is slowed due the previous stimulus being processed

Answer 57

Positive and negative polarization of potassium and sodium ions (salty banana)

Answer 58

Reaction of nerve will be the same regardless of the strength of the stimulus

Answer 59

Neurons take back the chemicals that were not taken by the next neuron

Answer 60

Enables muscle action, learning and memory Not enough: Alzheimer's disease Too much: seizures

Answer 61

Movement, learning, attention and emotion Not enough: Parkinson's Too much: schizophrenia

Answer 62

Body's natural painkillers

Answer 63

Mood, hunger, sleep and arousal Not enough: depression Too much: mania

Answer 64

Helps control alertness and arousal Not enough: can depressed mood Too much:

Answer 65

Temperament is to baby as personality is to adult

Answer 66

Likelyhood of getting a trait from either parent

Answer 67

Biology VS environmental

Answer 68

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 69

Anything that can harm a Zygote, embryo, fetus

Answer 70

Rooting reflex: touch and infants cheek and they will turn toward your finger Moro reflex: baby arches back when scared Babinski reflex: touch a baby's foot and they will curl their toes Sucking reflex Grasping reflex

Answer 71

Accumulated knowledge, get stronger with age

Answer 72

Creativity and being able to think quickly, younger

Answer 73

Contact comfort

Answer 74

Attachment study

Answer 75

Explorative, happy – mom leaves = baby cries, mom returns = baby stops crying

Answer 76

A form of insecure attachment In different

Answer 77

A type of insecure attachment Baby does not stop crying when mother returns

Answer 78

Strict and does not involve communication

Answer 79

Give into all child's desires

Answer 80

Considered to be the best type of parenting Involves communication

Answer 81

Eight stages of psychosocial development each stage has a crisis

Answer 82

Infancy Birth to one year If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

Answer 83

Toddler hood 1 to 3 years Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

Answer 84

Preschool 3 to 6 years Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent

Answer 85

Elementary school Six years to puberty Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

Answer 86

Adolescence Teen years into 20s Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing rolls and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are

Answer 87

Young adulthood 20s to early 40s Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel isolated

Answer 88

Middle adulthood 40s to 60s In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

Answer 89

Late adulthood Late 60s and up Reflecting on his or her life, and older adults may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

Answer 90

Stages of grief DABDA Denial, anger, bargain, depression, acceptance

Answer 91

Cognitive development Sensorimotor – (0-2) habituation, object permanence Preoperational – (2-6) egocentrism, mirror neurons, animism Concrete operational – (6-11) conservation Formal operational - (11-adulthood) abstract thinking

Answer 92

Carol Gilligan thought he was sexist Preconventional- (1) value external events, punishment avoidance Conventional – (2) preforming right roles, obedience because of norms, rules or laws Postconventional- (3) shared standards, rights and duties, seeking past a written law or rules

Answer 93

Fast, processing based on prior knowledge, whole before individual

Answer 94

Slow, no prior knowledge, individual before whole

Answer 95

Spinal cord contains a neurological gate that can either allow or block pain signals to the brain

Answer 96

Also known as difference threshold Minimum difference in stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time

Answer 97

The ability to differentiate between different stimulations

Answer 98

Picking out one sound out of many

Answer 99

(Binocular cues) difference between two eyes – 3D

Answer 100

Light being made into neural impulses

Answer 101

Transduction occurs Multilayered tissue on the eyeballs sensitive inner surface

Answer 102

Transparent lens in front of the eye Begins refraction (bending the light)

Answer 103

Accommodates

Answer 104

Colored portion Dilation Regulates amount of light entering the pupil

Answer 105

Black part through which light passes

Answer 106

(Optic disk) No rods or cones Retina becomes optic nerve

Answer 107

Carries nerve impulse to thalamus > occipital lobe Fovea, bipolar cells, ganglion c Los, form optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe

Answer 108

Black and white

Answer 109

Center of retina Focus Made of cones

Answer 110

(Hubel and Wiesel) Attached electrodes to a cats occipital lobe Detect different things like edges and shape

Answer 111

The ability do multiple things at once

Answer 112

Cones see in red, blue, green Helps explain blindness

Answer 113

Opponent cells get stimulations after exposure to opposite colors

Answer 114

Image continues to appear even after the image has been removed

Answer 115

Test given to infants to see if they have developed depth perception

Answer 116

``` High = blue Low = red ```

Answer 117

The place in the cochlea where hairs are situated determines pitch

Answer 118

The number of times per second the hair cells are stimulated determines pitch

Answer 119

Protection Transforms sound into vibration

Answer 120

Connects outer ear to eardrum Amplifies sound waves

Answer 121

Separated outer and middle ear

Answer 122

Perceives sound waves

Answer 123

Ossicles Hammer: pass vibrations from eardrum Anvil: pass vibrations to stirrup Stirrup: pass vibrations to cochlea

Answer 124

Coiled, fluid filled tunnel Place which sound triggers nerve impulses

Answer 125

Passes electrical impulses to brain

Answer 126

Deliberate reduction/removal of stimuli from one or more of the senses

Answer 127

Changes to sensitivity of sensory receptors

Answer 128

Person sees or preview something based on prior experience

Answer 129

Mind tends to view whole and patterns instead of bits and pieces

Answer 130

The grouping of items that are close together

Answer 131

Grouping items that look alike

Answer 132

Principle that we organize stimuli into smooth, continuous patterns

Answer 133

Principle that we fill in gaps to create a complete, while object

Answer 134

Ability to recognize that an object didn't change even if other stimuli did change

Answer 135

Thinking about thinking

Answer 136

Awareness of ourselves and surroundings

Answer 137

Bodies 24 hour cycle

Answer 138

Bodies processes such as breathing

Answer 139

Information you are not thinking about but is in long-term memory

Answer 140

Information we are not completely aware of behavior suggests there are there

Answer 141

ID Unacceptable urges

Answer 142

90 minutes, five stages

Answer 143

Rapid eye movement sleep, dreams, paradoxical, last stage

Answer 144

Alpha waves End=theta feeling of falling

Answer 145

Theta waves, sleep spindles

Answer 146

Delta waves restores body functionality 75% theta 25% Delta

Answer 147

50% theta, 50% delta

Answer 148

Awake but relaxed and drowsy

Answer 149

Light sleep

Answer 150

EEG Similar to waking waves

Answer 151

Rapid bursts of activity

Answer 152

Bad dream REM sleep

Answer 153

Physiological response, common in children

Answer 154

Inability to get to, fall or stay asleep

Answer 155

Falling asleep randomly, stimulants can help

Answer 156

Inability to breath while asleep

Answer 157

Sleepwalking, stage two

Answer 158

Openness to suggestion, pain control

Answer 159

Nicotine, cocaine, caffeine Excite, stimulate central nervous system

Answer 160

Depress central nervous system Alcohol, opiates, tranquilizers/barbiturates

Answer 161

Shrooms, ecstasy, marijuana, LSD

Answer 162

Type of depressant Relieve pain Heroin, morphine

Answer 163

More usage, more it takes to achieve high

Answer 164

Psychological/physiological response to absence of drug

Answer 165

Dog salivation study

Answer 166

No thinking, associations

Answer 167

``` Neutral stimulus Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response ```

Answer 168

Stage where neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are paired

Answer 169

Tendency to respond to a similar stimuli Example of this would be a little Albert, Watson

Answer 170

Opposite of generalization

Answer 171

Random re association

Answer 172

De association

Answer 173

The Garcia effect: stimuli + sickness = taste aversion

Answer 174

Thinking is involved

Answer 175

Rats and pigeons Reinforcement and punishment

Answer 176

Giving reinforcement when I desired behavior is achieved over and over until the overall goal is met

Answer 177

Reinforcement is used to increase a behavior Positive is giving a good stimulus for desired behavior Negative is removing an aversive stimulus An example of negative would be taking medicine to make a headache go away

Answer 178

Punishment is used to decrease a behavior Positive is adding an unwanted stimulus Negative is removing a wanted stimulus

Answer 179

Latent learning, cognitive maps

Answer 180

Biological requirements: survival Occur naturally, no learning needed

Answer 181

Used to reinforce primary reinforcers Money

Answer 182

Rewarded every single time that organism provides the appropriate response

Answer 183

Slot machines

Answer 184

Buy one get one free

Answer 185

Job/paycheck

Answer 186

Social behavior is learned primarily through observation and imitation

Answer 187

Bobo doll experiment Aggressiveness is learned Mirror neurons

Answer 188

Clear memory of an emotionally significant event

Answer 189

Committing information to long-term memory

Answer 190

P: proactive O: old interferes with new R: retroactive N: new interferes with old

Answer 191

Serial position of fact, forgetting curve, primacy and recency

Answer 192

Tendency to remember the first and last pieces of information

Answer 193

First piece of information

Answer 194

Last piece of information

Answer 195

Play on words

Answer 196

Splitting up information into bits and pieces

Answer 197

Initial contact for stimuli Short term

Answer 198

Misinformation effect, videotaped two cars crashing and ask people questions by changing the vocabulary words used

Answer 199

General category – bird

Answer 200

Specific representation – blue bird

Answer 201

Visual information/memory

Answer 202

Auditory information/memory

Answer 203

Procedural: cerebellum, riding a bike

Answer 204

Declarative: hippocampus, semantic memory, information – episodic memory

Answer 205

Associate A in anterograde and A in after – after the accident Happens because of damage No new memories

Answer 206

Associate retro with old – old memories

Answer 207

Getting where you saw or acquired the information

Answer 208

No memory from birth to three years of age New neurons developing

Answer 209

Recall: fill in the blank Recognition: multiple-choice

Answer 210

Pushing a memory into the subconscious Myth

Answer 211

Whatever best fits a previously made schema

Answer 212

Whatever comes quickest and most frequently to the mind

Answer 213

Cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object of earth and its traditional usage

Answer 214

LAD: language accusation device, language comes naturally/we have an innate ability for language

Answer 215

Linguistic determinism: language before thought

Answer 216

Prefix/suffix

Answer 217

I go becomes I goed when referring to the past

Answer 218

Full sentences

Answer 219

Going through every possible outcome

Answer 220

Stuck in priming

Answer 221

Kholer, insight happens in right Temporel lobe, monkeys – incubation study Monkeys were presented with a tube with a peanut in it and had to try to figure out how to get it out

Answer 222

There is a central executive

Answer 223

``` Environmental input Sensory memory Affention Short-term memory Recalled or rehearsed Long-term memory Retrieval ```

Answer 224

physiological – air, food safety and security – health, job love and belongingness – family and intimacy self-esteem – confidence self actualization - self fulfillment * transcendence Monks propose a discrepancy

Answer 225

Sexual response cycle

Answer 226

Internal stability

Answer 227

Always on the go – heart disease

Answer 228

Cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Answer 229

Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion Illness is likely to occur in exhaustion

Answer 230

Intrinsic: tasks are enjoyable – over justification effect diminishes this Extrinsic: motivation caused by outside factors – reward and punishment

Answer 231

Bulimia: binging and purging Anorexia: restriction of caloric intake plus excessive exercise

Answer 232

Stimulated: hunger Damaged: no hunger

Answer 233

Stimulated: stop eating Damaged: never stop eating

Answer 234

Body tries to maintain homeostasis by creating a drive

Answer 235

Physiological first then emotion

Answer 236

Experience physiological and emotional response at the same time

Answer 237

Physiological response followed by cognitive appraisal which leads to emotion

Answer 238

Micro expressions, display rules, gestures differ culturally but facial expressions are universal

Answer 239

Therapy where there's a professional and a help seeking client

Answer 240

Client transfer feelings they have for someone in their life to therapist

Answer 241

Talk therapy Humanistic/ Carl Rogers

Answer 242

Classical and operant conditioning to treat psychological problems

Answer 243

Replace bad responses to a stimulus with good ones

Answer 244

Treatment for phobias, fears and aversions Reduce anxiety through counter conditioning

Answer 245

Researchers examine past studies instead of doing new research

Answer 246

Physiological interventions that focus on reduction of symptoms of psychological disorders

Answer 247

Study of drugs used for psychological disorders

Answer 248

Manage psychotic symptoms (delusions and hallucinations) Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Answer 249

Calm people with excessive anxiety

Answer 250

Depression, anxiety and OCD

Ap Psychology end of the Year Test Flashcards

(300 cards)