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AP Psychology > AP Psychology Exam: People > Flashcards

AP Psychology Exam: People Flashcards

1
Q

Mary Calkins

A

First female president of the APA

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2
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

First female to earn a PhD in psychology

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3
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Evolutionary perspective; Conceptualized natural selection and evolution

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4
Q

Dorthea Dix

A

Reformed mental health institutions in the US

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5
Q

Stanley Hall

A

First president of the APA, first psychology journal

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6
Q

William James

A

Father of American psychology; functionalist

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7
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Father of Modern Psychology who established the first psychology lab; Structuralist who wanted to study the “atoms of the mind” (psychophysics)

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8
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

A Russian psychologist who pioneered the study of learning. He pioneered “classical conditioning,” which is focused on reflexes

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9
Q

Jean Piaget

A

A Swiss biologist who was the century’s most influential observer of children (developmental psychologist). Theory of cognitive development

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10
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Pioneered “operant conditioning,” which is focused on behaviors. Used the “Skinner box” to condition rats

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11
Q

John B. Watson

A

The founder of behaviorism who conducted the “Little Albert” experiment (conditioned a baby to fear a rabbit)

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12
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

A German scientist and philosopher who studied the edge of our awareness of faint stimuli, or absolute threshold

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13
Q

Ernst Weber

A

Established Weber’s Law, which states that for an average person to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage

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14
Q

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

A

Nobel Prize winners who discovered that our minds deconstruct visual images and reassemble them via feature detectors

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15
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Freud believed the unconscious was a hiding place for our most anxiety-provoking ideas and emotions, and that uncovering those hidden thoughts could lead to healing. Psychoanalytic perspective

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16
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

A behaviorist who created the Law of Effect

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17
Q

John Garcia

A

Contributed to learning theory through his theory of taste aversion, which disproved the notion that a US must immediately follow a CS

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18
Q

Edward C. Tolman

A

Conducted studies that showed that animals can create cognitive maps of places; a form of latent learning

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19
Q

Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner

A

Created the contingency model. Conducted an experiment with rats that showed that animals can react to the predictability of an event (cognition is involved in learning)

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20
Q

Wolfgang Köhler

A

Studied the phenomenon of insight learning. Found that other animals like chimps can demonstrate it

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21
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

Created the forgetting curve, which establishes that forgetting occurs rapidly at first and then levels out

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22
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

Showed how people/eyewitnesses can misremember faces/events and how easy it is to reconstruct memories

23
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Argued for the idea of “universal grammar,” that humans have the innate ability to learn language

24
Q

Benjamin Lee Whorf

A

Came up with the idea of “linguistic determinism,” that language controls the way we think

25
Q

George A. Miller

A

Proposed that we can store +/- 7 pieces of information in short-term memory

26
Q

Francis Galton

A

The first to propose that intelligence is inherited. Supported eugenics

27
Q

James Cattell

A

Proposed that there were two clusters of mental abilities (crystallized and fluid intelligence)

28
Q

Charles Spearman

A

Proposed the “g” factor (general intelligence). It underlies all mental abilities

29
Q

Howard Gardner

A

Proposed the theory of multiple intelligence (8 relatively independent intelligences)

30
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

Proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence (analytical, practical, and creative intelligence)

31
Q

Alfred Binet

A

Developed the first intelligence test. Came up with the idea of “mental age”

32
Q

Lewis Terman

A

Adopted Binet’s intelligence test, which measured one’s intelligence relative to the average performance of others the same age. Called the Stanford-Binet test

33
Q

David Wechsler

A

Created the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the most widely-used intelligence test today. It provides an overall intelligence score and scores on its subtests

34
Q

James Flynn

A

A researcher who discovered that average intelligence has slowly risen over time (Flynn Effect)

35
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Conceptualized the zone of proximal development, which stated that development is a social process too

36
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Discovered that contact comfort is more important then feeding when conducting studies with monkeys

37
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

Established the four parenting styles (authoritarian, permissive, neglectful, authoritative)

38
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Developed the “strange situation” paradigm, which determines attachment style (secure vs. insecure attachment)

39
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

Created the three stages of moral development

40
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

Said that women come to prioritize an “ethics of care” as their sense of morality evolves along with their sense of self while men prioritize an “ethics of justice.” Moral reasoning and moral behaviors are different

41
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Came up with the 8 stages of socioemotional development. Each stage represents a crisis that must be resolved, results in competence or weakness

42
Q

Leon Festinger

A

Came up with the theory of cognitive dissonance

43
Q

Carl Jung

A

A neo-Freudian who believed in the collective unconscious

44
Q

Karen Horney

A

A neo-Freudian who said that personality develops in the context of social relationships (NOT sexual urges) and discounted Freud’s idea of “penis envy”

45
Q

Alfred Adler

A

A neo-Freudian who coined the term “inferiority complex”

46
Q

Paul Costa and Robert McCrae

A

Came up with the “Big Five” personality traits (OCEAN)

47
Q

Carl Rogers

A

A humanist who talked about how self-concept (our idea of who we are) is the center of our personality

48
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Experimented with observational learning in his Bobo Doll experiment. Talked about reciprocal determinism (interactions of our behavior, cognition, and environment make up a person)

49
Q

Soloman Asch

A

Experimented with conformity when he showed lines of different lengths and confederates gave wrong answers to see if others would go along with it

50
Q

Stanley Milgrim

A

Conducted a study on obedience when he tested to see how many volts of electricity a person would deliver to another person if told to do so

51
Q

Philip Zimbardo

A

Studied social roles in the Stanford Prison Experiment

52
Q

Aaron T. Beck

A

Developed the cognitive approach to therapy, which seeks to correct irrational thoughts

53
Q

Albert Ellis

A

Developed rational-emotive therapy, which analyzes self-defeating behaviors to change thought patterns

AP Psychology (16 decks)

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