AP Psychology Final Exam

Question 1

What is nature?

Answer 1

Genes and hereditary factors
Physical appearance
Personality characteristics

Question 2

What is nurture?

Answer 2

Environmental variables
Childhood experiences
Social relationships
Surrounding culture

Question 3

The scientific method

Answer 3

Process of testing our ideas about the world

Question 4

Operational definition

Answer 4

A description of something in terms of the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be observed and measured

Question 5

Replicating research

Answer 5

Trying it again using the same operational definitions of the concepts and procedures

Question 6

Research methods

Answer 6

Surveys
Case studies
Naturalistic observations

Question 7

Correlation

Answer 7

A measure of how closely two factors vary together

Question 8

Surveys

Answer 8

Random sampling people
Wording of questions impacts the target for which you are aiming for

Question 9

Case study advantages

Answer 9

Provides full picture
Chronological data
Different perspectives

Question 10

Case study disadvantages

Answer 10

Over generalization
Take time and money
Cannot assume causality

Question 11

Naturalistic observation strengths

Answer 11

Authentic data
Subjects do not change behavior
Allows for real treatment

Question 12

Naturalistic observation weaknesses

Answer 12

Ethics of informed consent
Lack of control
Results are descriptive

Question 13

How do you find causation?

Answer 13

By experimentation: manipulating one factor in a situation to determine its effect

Question 14

Independent variable (cause)

Answer 14

Able to manipulate

Question 15

Dependent variable (effect)

Answer 15

Expect to experience a change which depends on manipulation

Question 16

Confounding variable

Answer 16

Other variables that might have an effect on the dependent variable

Question 17

Longitudinal studies

Answer 17

Follows one group
Gathers data over a long time

Question 18

Cross sectional studies

Answer 18

Compares different groups
Gathers data at one point in time
Picture/Snapshot - does not give history/full picture

Question 19

Placebo effect

Answer 19

Experimental effects that are caused by expectations about the intervention

Question 20

Double-blind study

Answer 20

Neither participants nor staff knows which participants are in the experimental or control groups

Question 21

Control group

Answer 21

A group that is the same in every way except the one variable we are changing

Question 22

What are the guidelines for ethical experimentation?

Answer 22

Consent of participants
Beneficial purpose
Do no harm
Respect participants
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Confidentiality
Debriefing

Question 23

What are the guidelines for animal research?

Answer 23

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
Clear scientific purpose
Results must benefit humans or animals
Surgical procedures require supervision and attention
Must be conducted in least painful way

Question 24

Interaction of hereditary - Nature

Answer 24

Genetics
Twin studies
Natural selection

Question 25

Interaction of environment - Nurture

Answer 25

Prenatal Parents Experience Peers Culture Gender

Question 26

How many chromosomes are in the human body? How many chromosomes per parent?

Answer 26

46 chromosomes in the human body 23 chromosomes per parent

Question 27

Females have which sex chromosomes? Males have which sex chromosome?

Answer 27

Females have 2 X chromosomes Males have 1 X chromosome and 1 Y chromosome

Question 28

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

Answer 28

A person has an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

Question 29

Fraternal twins

Answer 29

Sampe or opposite sex Separate eggs

Question 30

Identical twins

Answer 30

Same sex only

Question 31

How are identical twins more alike than fraternal twins?

Answer 31

Personality traits (social, emotion, etc.) Behaviors/Outcomes (rate of divorce) Abilities (intelligence)

Question 32

What is the difference between biological relatives and adoptive relatives?

Answer 32

Adoptive relatives relate to biological parents rather than foster parents

Question 33

Despite genetics, what does parenting have an influence on?

Answer 33

Religious beliefs Values Manners Attitudes Politics Habits

Question 34

Temperament

Answer 34

A person's general level and style of emotional reactivity

Question 35

What are the three types of temperament in infants?

Answer 35

Easy Difficult Slow to warm up

Question 36

What set of glands produce chemical messengers called hormones?

Answer 36

The endocrine system

Question 37

The endocrine system sends molecules as messages, just like the nervous system, but it sends them through the ___________.

Answer 37

Bloodstream

Question 38

What is gland secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands? This gland is also known as the master gland.

Answer 38

Pituitary gland

Question 39

The pituitary gland is controlled through the nervous system by which nearby brain area?

Answer 39

Hypothalamus

Question 40

________ is produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the pituitary gland.

Answer 40

Oxytocin

Question 41

What gland affects metabolism?

Answer 41

Thyroid gland

Question 42

What glands help regulate the level of calcium in the blood?

Answer 42

Parathyroid glands

Question 43

What glands trigger the fight-or-flight response?

Answer 43

Adrenal glands

Question 44

What part of the body regulates the level of blood sugar?

Answer 44

Pancreas

Question 45

______ secretes male sex hormones.

Answer 45

Testis

Question 46

_______ secretes female sex hormones.

Answer 46

Ovaries

Question 47

What glands produces hormones such as adrenaline, epinephrine, noradrenaline, norepinephrine, and cortisol?

Answer 47

Adrenal glands

Question 48

What gland secretes melatonin and regulates sleep?

Answer 48

Pineal gland

Question 49

What is the effect of the fight or flight response?

Answer 49

Increased heart rate Increased blood pressure Increased blood sugar

Question 50

The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus are both located where?

Answer 50

Brain

Question 51

The thyroid gland and the parathyroid glands are located where?

Answer 51

Throat

Question 52

Where are the adrenal glands and the pancreas located?

Answer 52

Stomach

Question 53

Sensory neurons are ________ and carry information in which direction?

Answer 53

Afferent Carry information up to the brain

Question 54

Motor neurons are ________ and carry information in which direction?

Answer 54

Efferent Carry information to different parts of the body

Question 55

What is the purpose of interneurons?

Answer 55

Interneurons process information between the sensory input and motor output.

Question 56

The central nervous system is made up of what?

Answer 56

Brain and spinal cord