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SSIS - AP Psychology 2023-24 > AP Psychology - Test #4 > Flashcards

AP Psychology - Test #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

are individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate and transmit information

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2
Q

The soma / cell body

A

cell body contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

recievers- are the parts of the neuron that are specialized to receive information

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4
Q

The myelin sheath

A

is insulating material that encases some axons

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5
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

Small knobs at the end of axons that secrete (produce or discharge) chemicals called neurotransmitters

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6
Q

Synapse

A

an area where two neurons come close enough to one another that they are able to pass chemical signals from one cell to another

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7
Q

the axon

A

messenger from the nueron - is a long thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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8
Q

Glia

A

are cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons they help clean up and give nourishment

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9
Q

the resting potential of a neuron

A

is its stable negative charge when the cell is inactive

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10
Q

an action potential

A

is a very brief shift in a neurons electrical charge that travels along an axon

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11
Q

absolute refractory period

A

is the minimum length of time after an action potential, during which another action potential cannot begin

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12
Q

neuron transmitters

A

Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another

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13
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the microscopic space in-between two neurons because in a synapse the neurons are not actually connected

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14
Q

post synaptic potential

A

a voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane

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15
Q

an excitatory PSP

A

a positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that the post synaptic neuron will fire action potentials

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16
Q

an inhibitory PSP

A

a negative voltage shift that decreases the chance that the post synaptic neuron will fire action potentials

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17
Q

reuptake

A

a process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane

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18
Q

action potential

A

a very brief shift in a neurons electrical charge that travels along an axon

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19
Q

central nervous system

A

consists of the brain and the spinal cord

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20
Q

somatic nervous system

A

is made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors

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21
Q

endorphins

A

internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates in structure and effects

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22
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

is made up of all those nerves that lie outside the brain and the spinal cord

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23
Q

Efferent nerve fibers

A

are axons that carry information outward from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body (efferent means escape)

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24
Q

nerves

A

are bundles of neuron fibers (axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system

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25
Q

sympathetic division

A

is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body’s resources for emergencies

26
Q

lesioning

A

involves destroying a piece of the brain

27
Q

electrical stimulation of the brain

A

which involves sending a weak electric current into a brain structure to stimulate (activate) it

28
Q

afferent nerve fibers

A

are axons that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body (afferent = inward)

29
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

is made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands

30
Q

Glutamine, what is it and how does it affect behavior

A

Glutamine is one of the key chemicals for building healthy neurotransmitters and it affects behavior by way of alertness, concentration, focus, memory and mood.

31
Q

Gaba, what is it and how does it affect behavior

A

Gaba slows down your brain by blocking specific signals in your central nervous system and plays a major role in controlling anxiety, stress and fear. lower Gaba levels can be caused from severe neurological issues

32
Q

Serotonin, what is it and how does it affect behavior

A

Serotonin a chemical that carries messages between nerve cells in the brain and throughout your body, it deals with memory, controlling body temperature, happiness, sleep, sexual behavior and hunger

33
Q

Dopamine, what is it and how does it affect behavior

A

dopamine encourages our brains to respond to things in pleasurable excitable ways dopamine encourages our brain cells to take certain action when responding to something this in turn influences our body both excitatory and inhibitory the reward pathway chemical related to addiction

34
Q

endorphins, what is it and affect behavior when

A

Endorphins are chains of amino acids produced in the brain that block the perception of pain and increase feelings of wellbeing they also have to do with self image endorphin levels can increase levels of confidence and it has been shown when endorphin levels increase stress and anxiety will decrease

35
Q

acetylcholine, what is it and how does it affect behavior

A

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in memory, learning, attention, arousal and involuntary muscle movement

36
Q

norepinephrine, what is it and how does it affect behavior

A

As a neurotransmitter in your brain and spinal cord, norepinephrine: Increases alertness, arousal and attention. Constricts blood vessels, which helps maintain blood pressure in times of stress. Affects your sleep-wake cycle, mood and memory.

37
Q

meninges

A

enclosing coverings that protect the brain and spinal cord

38
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord nutritive soup

39
Q

mirror neurons

A

a type of neurons that discharge both when an individual executes an action and when someone observes another individual performing the same or a similar action they allow us to process facial expressions and interactions between people.

40
Q

Step one of the neuron fulfilling action potential

A

the soma takes all the gathered information from the dendrites and puts it in a small compartment called the axon hillock

41
Q

Step two of the neuron fulfilling action potential

A

if the signal coming from the dendrites is strong enough then it will be sent out to the next part of the neuron known as the axon this signal then becomes an action potential

42
Q

Step three of the neuron fulfilling action potential

A

the action potential travels down the axon while being protected by something known as myelin this is here to make sure the axon potential will not degrade

43
Q

Step four of the neuron fulfilling action potential

A

finally the action potential reaches the synaptic buttons otherwise known as axon terminals when this happens the signal can cause the release of a neurotransmitter

44
Q

Step five of the neuron fulfilling action potential

A

when a neurotransmitter is released from an axon terminal it then interacts with the dendrites of the receptors on the next neuron and then the process repeats completing the action

45
Q

presynaptic nueron

A

the neuron where the signal is initiated

46
Q

what is inside the presynaptic neuron?

A

small chemical signals called neurotransmitters which are put into small sacks called vesicles each vesicle can contain thousands of neurotransmitters

47
Q

why is reuptake important

A

because eventually the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synaptic cleft and while they can float away with a process called diffusion most will be removed through reuptake where the neurotransmitters are taken back up into the presynaptic neuron

48
Q

what happens when an action potential happens in the presynaptic neuron?

A

when the PSN is excited by an action potential the vesicles start to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft after they are in the synaptic cleft neuro transmitters interact with the receptors on the post synaptic membrane four: they then bind to these receptors and can cause an action to occur in the postsynaptic cell as a result

49
Q

action potential in the PSN (presynaptic nerve) step one

A

when the PSN is excited by an action potential the vesicles start to fuse with the presynaptic membrane

50
Q

action potential in the PSN (presynaptic nerve) step two

A

they then release their contents into the synaptic cleft

51
Q

action potential in the PSN (presynaptic nerve) step three

A

after they are in the synaptic cleft neurotransmitters interact with the receptors on the post synaptic membrane

52
Q

action potential in the PSN (presynaptic nerve) step four

A

they then bind to these receptors and can cause an action to occur in the postsynaptic cell as a result

53
Q

action potential in the PSN (presynaptic nerve) step five

A

this action that is created could either increase or decrease the likelihood of an action potential being fired from the post synaptic neuron

54
Q

what is the amygdala and what does it include

A

-emotions and reactions of emotions. center of fear, learner fear, social intuition

55
Q

what is the Limbic System and what does it include

A

emotion and memory. includes thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and olfactory bulbs

56
Q

what is the Hippocampus and what does it include

A

emotion and memory, includes thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and olfactory bulbs

57
Q

what is the Corpus Callosum and what does it include

A

neurogenesis = produces more neurons
has a role in memory
alzheimer’s causes hippocampal damage

**directs memories to part of cortex for a memory storage. ex. memories of sound are stored in temporal lobe

58
Q

what comes after the somatic nervous system?

A

afferent and efferent nerves

59
Q

in the peripheral nervous system what comes after on the right

A

the autonomic nervous system has to work with digestion, regulates digestion, and breathing

60
Q

what comes after the autonomic nervous system?

A

the parasympathetic division para as in parachute so you have time to safely float to the ground repairing and restoring your energy
the Sympathetic division is about everything that provides excitement happy or terrified relates to the sympathetic division

SSIS - AP Psychology 2023-24 (11 decks)

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