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AP Psychology > AP Psychology: Unit 1 - Scientific Foundations of Psychology > Flashcards

AP Psychology: Unit 1 - Scientific Foundations of Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the founder of modern psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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2
Q

Why is Wilhelm Wundt known as the the founder of modern psychology?

A

Because he founded the first psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig.

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3
Q

What did Socrates and Plato think about knowledge?

A

They thought that knowledge was innate; it was born within us.

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4
Q

What is John Locke known for?

A

For his argument that the mind at birth is “tabula rasa”, which means a blank slate.

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5
Q

Who wrote the Principles of Psychology, and founded functionalism?

A

William James

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5
Q

Who founded the first formal psychology laboratory in the United States and became the first president of the American Psychological Association (APA)?

A

G. Stanley Hall

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6
Q

Who introduced structuralism?

A

Edward Titchener & Wilhelm Wundt

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7
Q

What is structuralism?

A

It is a early school of thought, which used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.

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8
Q

What is functionalism?

A

It is a early school of thought that explored how mental and behavioral processes function & how they enable an organism to adapt, survive and flourish.

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9
Q

What are the contributions of Mary Whiton Calkins to psychology?

A

She was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association (APA), yet famously known for getting denied her Ph.D by Harvard.

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10
Q

Who is known for their memory research?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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11
Q

What are the accomplishments of John. B Watson in psychology?

A

He, with B.F. Skinner redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior and suggested that behavior is learned by learned associations by a process called conditioning.

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11
Q

Who became the first woman to receive her Ph.D in psychology and wrote the influential book “The Animal Mind”?

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

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12
Q

What is B.F. Skinner known for in psychology?

A

For founding the perspective of behaviorism with John B. Watson, developed operant conditioning and the schedules of reinforcement.

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13
Q

What did Freudian psychology emphasize?

A

It emphasized that the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior.

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14
Q

What is humanistic psychology?

A

A perspective founded by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, it emphasized the growth potential (capacity/likelihood of development) of healthy people.

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15
Q

What is the definition of cognitive neuroscience?

A

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (includes perception, thinking, memory, and language.)

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16
Q

What is a theory?

A

An explanation that integrates principles, organizes and predicts behaviors and events.

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16
Q

What is the modern definition of psychology as it is today?

A

It is the science of behavior and mental processes.

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17
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A testable, specific prediction that is arrived at logically from a theory.

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18
Q

Why is it important to have falsifiability?

A

So that it can be logically possible that one can make an observation or experiment that would show that the hypothesis has no backing support.

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19
Q

What are operational definitions and why are they important?

A

Are statements of procedures the researcher needs to use in order to measure a specific variable. It is needed because we have to know what researchers are talking about when referring to something.

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20
Q

What is verifiability?

A

An experiment must be replicable by another researcher; it must be able to be done again.

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21
Q

What is the nature-nurture issue?

A

The longest standing issue in psychology, it is about the relative contributions that genes (nature) and experiences (nurture) make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.

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21
Q

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data?

A

While quantitative data is a numerical type of data that gives information about quantities, qualitative data is not numerical, more descriptive in detail.

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22
Q

What is the difference between basic and applied research?

A

While basic research just wants to increase the scientific knowledge base, applied research wants to find solutions for specific problems.

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23
Q

Who proposed the idea of natural selection, the principle that among the trait of variations; those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to generations further on?

A

Charles Darwin

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24
Q

What is a case study?

A

An observation technique in which one, or a few people are carefully studied in-depth.

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24
Q

What do descriptive research studies do?

A

They are used to describe general or specific behaviors and attributes that are observed and measured.

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25
Q

What are the eight approaches to psychology?

A

Behavioral, biological, cognitive, evolutionary, humanistic, psychodynamic, sociocultural, and biopsychosocial.

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26
Q

What are psychometrics?

A

The scientific study of the measurement of abilities, attitudes and traits.

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27
Q

What does evolutionary psychology study?

A

Studies the evolution of behavior and mind, using the principles of natural selection.

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28
Q

What does psychodynamic psychology study?

A

Studies how the unconscious drives and conflicts how we act, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.

29
Q

What does biological psychology study?

A

Studies the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes.

30
Q

What does cognitive psychology study?

A

Studies all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating.

30
Q

What does behavioral psychology study?

A

Studies observable behavior and the explanation of that behavior by the principles of learning.

31
Q

What does sociocultural (social-cultural) psychology study?

A

Studies how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.

31
Q

What are levels of analysis?

A

Differing complementary views from biological, psychological, and sociocultural for analyzing and understanding situations and phenomena.

32
Q

What is the biopsychosocial approach?

A

An approach that integrates biological, psychological and sociocultural levels of analysis (combining biological, sociocultural as well as adding in psychological)

33
Q

What are the applied research studies of psychology?

A

Industrial-organizational (I/O), human factors, counseling, clinical, positive and community psychology.

33
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

The tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one could have predicted it.

33
Q

What are the basic research studies of psychology?

A

Developmental, educational, personality and social psychology.

33
Q

What is overconfidence?

A

Tendency to believe we know more than we do in reality

34
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

Thinking that doesn’t blindly accept arguments and conclusions, rather it examines assumptions, looks at the source and assesses it, recognizes hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions.

35
Q

What is the term for observing and recording behavior in a naturally occurring situation without trying to manipulate or control that situation?

A

Naturalistic observation

36
Q

What are the major strengths and weaknesses of a case study?

A

It provides a collection of in-depth information, and it gives an opportunity to investigates unique illnesses, but it is usually not representative of a phenomena, which means it cannot be generalized to the population.

37
Q

What are the major strengths and weaknesses of naturalistic observation?

A

There are no artificial conditions, it is all natural. But there is no control over the experiment, and is subject to the bias of experimenter.

38
Q

What is a survey?

A

Technique for making sure of the self-reported behaviors or attitudes of a specific group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of said group.

39
Q

What is sampling bias?

A

It is when the sampling process is flawed, that produces samples that are not representative.

40
Q

What is the term for, all those in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn?

A

Population

41
Q

What is a random sample?

A

A sample that fairly represents a population due to the fact that each member of a group has an equal chance of being included

42
Q

What is correlation?

A

It is the measure of the extent where two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other.

43
Q

What is the correlation coefficient and what is the range it can be in?

A

It is a statistical index of the relationship between two variables, which can be between -1.00 and +1.00

44
Q

Is correlation casuation?

A

No, it is not.

44
Q

What is the term for a graphed cluster of dots, in which each represents the values of two variables, the slope of the points suggest the direction of the relationship between the two variables, and the amount of scatter (how spread out they are) suggests the strength of correlation?

A

Scatterplot

45
Q

What are the numbers for perfect positive correlation, perfect negative correlation and no relationship?

A

+1.00, -1.00 and 0.00

46
Q

What can a scatterplot tell you when it has a lot of scatter, or when it has little scatter?

A

When a scatterplot has a lot of scatter, it means that it has low correlation. But when it has little scatter, it means that the two variables have high correlation with each other.

46
Q

Define positive and negative correlation.

A

Positive correlation is when variables move in the same direction, like if one increases, so does the other. Negative correlation is when variables move in opposite directions like if one decreases, the other variable increases.

47
Q

What is illusory correlation?

A

It is when the perception of a relationship between two variables, where in reality it doesn’t exist.

48
Q

Define what an experiment is.

A

An experiment is a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental processes (dependent variable).

49
Q

What is the difference between the experimental and control group?

A

The experimental group is the one that is exposed to the treatment, to one version of the independent variable while the control group is not exposed to that treatment, and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment.

49
Q

Define what random assignment is.

A

Random assignment is assigning participants randomly to the experimental and control groups purely by chance, which helps to minimize the difference that has already existed between several groups.

50
Q

What is a single-blind and double-blind procedure?

A

A single-blind procedure is when the participants don’t know if they get the treatment or the placebo, while a double-blind procedure is when both the researchers or participants know who got the placebo or the actual treatment.

50
Q

What is the independent, dependent and confounding variable?

A

An independent variable is the experimental factor that is manipulated, the variable in which the effects of it are being studied. The dependent variable is the outcome factor, may change in response to the manipulations of the independent variable. A confounding variable (third variable) is a variable that may produce an effect in the experiment that isn’t the independent variable.

51
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

It is from a treatment that seems to be real, but in reality it isn’t. This effect makes us feel greater when we think we’ll get the treatment, even when in reality it is only a fake.

51
Q

What is validity and why is it important to have it?

A

It is the extent to which an experiment measures/predicts what it is supposed to. It is important because if the study actually measures something else, we know not to trust it.

52
Q

What is a variable?

A

It is anything that can vary or change.

52
Q

Why is it important to have a representative sample?

A

Because it can represent the population as whole, the findings of research can be generally applied.

53
Q

What is a Quasi-Experiment?

A

Designed almost exactly like to a true experiment, but the participants are not randomly assigned to the experimental groups (not controlled by researcher.)

53
Q

What is reliability?

A

It’s whether or not that if an experiment can be repeated, with similar scores each time it is used.

54
Q

What are statistics?

A

A tool to turn data into information, to describe it in a meaningful way or make predictions about a population of interest.

55
Q

What kind of statistics help describe, show or summarize in a meaningful way that patterns may emerge from the data?

A

Descriptive statistics

56
Q

What is the mode, mean, median and range?

A

The mode is the most frequently occurring score(s) (numbers) in a distribution. The mean is the average of a distribution, obtained by adding all of the scores up and dividing it by the number of scores (for example, 3 + 6 + 3 = 12, 12/3 = 4). The median is the middle score in the distribution, half the numbers above and the other half are below it. The range is the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

57
Q

What is the standard deviation?

A

Standard deviation are scores in a group that differ from the mean of that group. If the SD is large, it means that the scores are more spread out from the mean, if the SD is small it means that the scores generally are closer around the mean.

58
Q

What are Z-scores?

A

Z-scores are the number of standard deviations from the mean, a data point is. They can range from -3 standard deviations to +3 standard deviations.

59
Q

What is the normal distribution?

A

A symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of lots of data, many scores fall near the mean.

60
Q

What is culture?

A

Culture is the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and passed down from one generation to the next.

61
Q

What do inferential statistics do?

A

It allows us to see if researchers can interpret data and draw conclusions for a large population from a small sample.

62
Q

What is statistical significance and what is the cutoff?

A

Is a measure of the likelihood that the difference between groups results from a real difference between the two groups rather than from chance alone. A cutoff of 0.05 (5%) or below is generally required to be statistically significant.

62
Q

What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

A

A board reviewing proposals for experiments involving human participants, approval from this board is required in order for the experiment to continue on.

63
Q

What is informed consent?

A

An ethical principle that research participants must be told enough information about the experiment, if they want to participate or not.

64
Q

What is the post-experimental explanation of a study, which includes its purpose and any deception to the participants called?

A

Debriefing

AP Psychology (2 decks)

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