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ap statistics > ap stat vocab > Flashcards

ap stat vocab Flashcards

1
Q

individuals

A

Objects described by a set of data. Individuals may

be people, animals, or things.

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2
Q

variable

A

Any characteristic of an individual. A variable can take

different values for different individuals.

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3
Q

categorical variable

A

Variable that places an individual into one

of several groups or categories.

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4
Q

quantitative variable

A

Variable that takes numerical values for

which it makes sense to find an average.

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5
Q

discrete variables

A

Takes a fixed set of possible values with
gaps between. The probability distribution of a discrete random variable gives its possible values and their probabilities.

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6
Q

continuous

A

Variable that takes all values in an

interval of numbers.

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7
Q

univariate data

A

looks at only one variable

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8
Q

bivariate data

A

looks at the relationship between two variables

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9
Q

population

A

In a statistical study, the entire group of individuals

we want information about.

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10
Q

sample

A

Subset of individuals in the population from which we

actually collect data.

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11
Q

census

A

Study that attempts to collect data from every individual

in the population.

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12
Q

distribution

A

Tells what values a variable takes and how often it

takes these values.

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13
Q

inference

A

Drawing conclusions that go beyond the data at hand.

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14
Q

frequency table

A

Table that displays the count (frequency) of

observations in each category or class.

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15
Q

relative frequency table

A

Table that shows the percents (relative

frequencies) of observations in each category or class.

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16
Q

roundoff error

A

Difference between the calculated approxima-

tion of a number and its exact mathematical value.

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17
Q

pie chart

A

Chart that shows the distribution of a categorical vari-

able as a “pie” whose slices are sized by the counts or percents for the categories.

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18
Q

bar graph

A

Graph used to display the distribution of a categorical
variable or to compare the sizes of different quantities. The horizontal axis of a bar graph identifies the categories or quantities being compared.

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19
Q

two-way table

A

Table of counts that organizes data about two cat-

categorical variables.

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20
Q

marginal distribution

A

The distribution of one of the categorical variables in a two-way table of counts among all individuals described by the table.

21
Q

conditional distribution

A

Term that describes the values of one variable among individuals who have a specific value of another variable.

22
Q

segmented bar graph

A

Graph used to compare the distribution of
a categorical variable in each of several groups. For each group, there is a single bar with “segments” that correspond to the different values of the categorical variable.

23
Q

side-by-side bar graph

A

Graph used to compare the distribution
of a categorical variable in each of several groups. For each value of the categorical variable, there is a bar corresponding to each group.

24
Q

association

A

Knowing the value of one variable helps predict the

value of the other.

25
Q

simpson’s paradox

A

a phenomenon in probability and statistics, in which a trend appears in several different groups of data but disappears or reverses when these groups are combined.

26
Q

dotplot

A

Simple graph that shows each data value as a dot above

its location on a number line.

27
Q

shape

A

describes the type of graph (symmetrical, skewed left, skewed right)

28
Q

mode

A

Value or class in a statistical distribution having the greatest frequency.

29
Q

center

A

Study that attempts to collect data from every individual

in the population.

30
Q

spread

A

the extent to which a distribution is stretched or squeezed.

31
Q

range

A

The maximum value minus the minimum value for a set

of quantitative data.

32
Q

outlier

A

Individual value that falls outside the overall pattern of a

distribution.

33
Q

symmetric

A

A graph in which the right and left sides are approxi-

mately mirror images of each other.

34
Q

skewed right

A

the right side of the graph (containing the half of the observations with larger values) is much longer than the left side.

35
Q

skewed left

A

the left side of the graph is much longer than the right side.

36
Q

unimodal

A

A graph of quantitative data with a single peak.

37
Q

bimodal

A

A graph of quantitative data with two clear peaks.

38
Q

multimodal

A

A graph of quantitative data with more than two

clear peaks.

39
Q

stemplot

A

Simple graphical display for fairly small data sets that gives a quick picture of the shape of a distribution while including the actual numerical values in the graph.

40
Q

splitting stems

A

Method for spreading out a stemplot that has too few stems.

41
Q

back-to-back stem plots

A

Plot used to compare the distribution of a quantitative variable for two groups.

42
Q

histogram

A

Graph that displays the distribution of a quantitative variable. The horizontal axis is marked in the units of measurement for the variable. The vertical axis contains the scale of counts or percents.

43
Q

mean

A

Arithmetic average.

44
Q

median

A

The midpoint of a distribution; the number such that

about half the observations are smaller and about half are larger.

45
Q

interquartile range (IQR)

A

IQR = Q3 – Q1

46
Q

five-number summary

A

Smallest observation, first quartile, median, third quartile, and largest observation, written in order from smallest to largest.

47
Q

boxplot

A

Graph of the five-number summary. The box spans the quartiles and shows the spread of the central half of the distribution. The median is marked within the box. Lines extend from the box to the smallest and largest observations that are not outliers. Outliers are marked with a special symbol such as an asterisk (*).

48
Q

standard deviation

A

Statistic that measures the typical distance
of the values in a distribution from the mean. It is calculated by finding an “average” of the squared distances and then taking the square root.

49
Q

variance

A

“Average” squared deviation of the observations in a

data set from their mean.

ap statistics (1 decks)

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