AP World History: 1450-1750 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
Notable Ottoman Leaders
A
Osman I
Mehmad II
Suleiman the Magnificent
2
Q
Osman I
A
founder of the ottoman empire
3
Q
Mehmad II
A
siege of Constantinople & renamed it Istanbul
4
Q
Suleiman the Magnificent
A
ruled at the peak of Ottoman power
5
Q
Ottoman Government Structure
A
Centralized Government- Ruled by a Sultan
Hereditary rule
Strong Army
Used Gunpowder
6
Q
Janissaries
A
chosen through Devshrime, where military officers were sent to take Christian boys from their families in Eastern and Southeastern Europe to serve the state
Forcefully converted to Islam
Exempted from gov taxes
7
Q
Devshrime
A
blood tax or tribute in blood
8
Q
Ottoman Economy: Trade
A
used Dardanelles and Bosporus straits for trade exchanges between Asia, the Middle East, and Europe
9
Q
Ottoman Economy: Capitulations
A
Europeans started to gain more profit from the Ottoman resources causing economic distress for the Ottomans
10
Q
Ottoman Religion
A
Sunni Muslim
11
Q
Countries that are Roman Catholic
A
France Spain Portugal Poland-Lithuania Ireland Italian States & Kingdoms
12
Q
Countries where Calvinists concentrated
A
Scotland
Hungary
Genera
13
Q
Lutheran countries
A
Norway
Sweden
Denmark
Some of the HRE
14
Q
Anglican Country
A
England
15
Q
Muslim Country
A
Ottoman Empire
Mughal Empire
Safavid Empire
16
Q
Safavid Religion
A
Shi’a Islam
17
Q
Mughal Religion
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Sunni Islam (tolerant under Abbar)
18
Q
Orthodox Christianity Country
A
Russia
19
Q
City of Trent
A
Council of Trent (Catholic Reformation)
20
Q
City of Wittenburg
A
95 Theses placed on the church
21
Q
City of Worms
A
Trial of Luther
22
Q
City of Wartburg
A
Translated New Testament into German by Martin Luther
23
Q
Under Peter the Great’s rule
A
St. Petersburg was created
European fashions were enforced
trade with Europe
architecture was copied from France
24
Q
Columbian Exchange: Old World
A
Africa
Asia
Europe
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Columbian Exchange: New World
the Americas
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Columbian Exchange: Old World Goods
horses
rice
wheat
gunpowder
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Columbian Exchange: New World Goods
corn
tobacco
turkeys
28
Negative Consequences of the Columbian Exchange
slave trade
diseases
imperialism/extermination of natives
29
Positive Consequences of the Columbian Exchange
cultural exchange
| improved diets
30
Indian Ocean Trade: Who?
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Netherlands
England
India
Spice Islands
Portugal
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31
VOC
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Dutch East India Co.
Joint-Stock Company
occupied land
declared war
had an army
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32
Trade Technology
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Caravel
Fluyt
astrolabe
compass
lateen sails
```
33
caravel
faster, more maneuverable
| Atlantic Ocean
34
fluyt
Dutch ship
2x cargo 1/2 the price
Indian Ocean
35
lateen sails
triangular sails on caravels
36
Protestant Reformation: Who?
Martin Luther
37
Protestant Reformation: How?
95 Theses made by the printing press
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Protestant Reformation: Why?
indulgences
| $=heaven
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Protestant Reformation: Results
Luther goes into hiding
Creation of Calvinism & Anglican
Counter-Reformation (Jesuits)
Wars of Religion
40
Protestant Nations
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Norway
Sweden
England
Denmark
Finland
Iceland
```
41
John Calvin
agreed with Luther's teachings but added predestination
| Calvinism
42
Predestination
before any person was born, God predestined people to go to heaven and others to hell
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Why did Henry VII want a divorce?
His wife, Catherine of Aragon, couldn't produce a male heir
44
Creation of Anglican
The Pope refused King Henry a grant for divorce, so he separated from the Catholic Church and created the Church of England (Anglican Church)
45
Council of Trent
sought to distinguish Catholic doctrines from Protestant errors and reaffirmed the supremacy of the Church
46
Jesuits
"Society of Jesus"
Catholic Police Force
most important result of the Catholic Reformation
47
War of Religion
1517-1648
Protestant VS Catholics
Fought for religious supremacy
48
Treaty of Westphalia
outlawed religious militarized conflict in Europe
49
Atlantic Slave Trade: Who?
the Americas
Europe
Africa
50
Atlantic Slave Trade: Raw Materials
the Americas to Europe
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Atlantic Slave Trade: Guns
Europe to Africa
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Atlantic Slave Trade: Slaves
Africa to the Americas (sugar fields to Brazil)
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New World Colonies: Spain & Portugal
```
Where?
Central & South America
How?
Conquistadores
Encomienda system
Bad with Natives
```
54
New World Colonies: Netherlands
```
Where?
New Amsterdam (New York)
How?
Stock Exchange (VOC)
Urban Centers
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55
New World Colonies: England
```
Where?
East Coast of North America
How?
Trying to escape religious troubles
Bad with Natives
Tobacco
```
56
New World Colonies: France
```
Where?
East Coast of Canada
Mississippi River
New Orleans
How?
Fur Trade
Good with Natives
```
57
European Government Types
Absolute & Parliament Monarchy
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Absolute Monarchy Countries
France
England
Netherlands
Spain
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Parliament Monarchy Country
England after the English Civil War
60
Divine Right
government was divinely ordained so that humans could live in an organized society
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Absolutism
God established kings to reign everyone, yet are accountable to God
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Political Absolutism
ruled by king/queen alone
hereditary rule
must have a secure financial base (land ownership & taxes)
strong & disciplined military
couldn't gain support from assembles, diets, or noble estates
63
Parliamentary Monarchy
king/queen & parliament (people's voices/congress)
Monarchs personified autocracy but were limited by Parliament it its lawmaking
believed in the "divine right of kings"
Parliament met with the king only to discuss financial matters
64
Charles I of Spain
elected by the Pope as the new emperor
65
Treaty of Tordesillas
Pope splits world in half (Spain vs Portugal)
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Encomienda
Economic social system used by the Spanish to implement labor and tribute from the Indians
Mostly used in silver/gold mines
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Religion + Educatgion=
Indoctrination of Natives
68
Social Classes in Spanish Colonies (Top-Bottom)
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Peninsulares (Iberian Aristocrats)
Criollos/Creloes (Descendants of Peninsulares)
Mestizos (Caucasian/Indian)
Mulattoes (Caucasian/African)
Native American Indians
African Slaves
```
69
Treatment of Mesoamericans
Elites (Penisulares & Creoles) exploited the Mesoamericans for resources
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Bartolome de las Casas
Fought for Indian protection & the "Black Legend"
| Spanish Catholic Priest
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The Middle Passage
Journey of Africans to America
| Increased death rate/diseases
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Ottoman: Math & Science
Advanced Mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, physics, geography, medicine, & chemistry
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Ottoman Culture
carpet weaving & architectural style came from Islamic influences
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Notable Safavid Leader
Shah Abbas
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Shah Abbas
ruled at the height of Safavid power
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Safavid Government Structure
Established under Islamic Shi'a Muslim State
| Heavily opposed the Sunni Ottomans (Turks)
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Safavid Economy
Same Silk & Rug Trade as Ottoman Empire
Caused anarchy, higher military costs, decline in trade, & inflation
Collapsed in the early 18th century
78
Notable Mughal Leaders
Babur
Akbar
Aurangzeb
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Babur
founder of the Mughal Empire
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Akbar
Grandson of Babur
| Most famous Mughal ruler
81
Aurangzeb
Forced to empose Shari'a law & remove non-muslims from gov. offices due to preassure from Muslim elites
82
Mughal Government Structure
Bureaucratic Gov Rule
System of ranks based on accomplishments
Chain of command
Specialized tasks
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Zamindars
aristocratic landowners who leased their land for economic gain
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House of Worship
A place where intellectual discussion on religion took place among all religious figures
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Mughal Culture: Women
Had political & social standing
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Sati
women had to die/be shunned if the husband died
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Russia Empire Economy
Fur trade within Siberia
| Trade-based
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Songhai Empire Economy
Trans-Saharan Trade Route
| Traded Gold, Slaves, Salt & Ivory
89
Songhai Government Structure
Hereditary monarchy with organized administrative system & court system
90
Sonni Ali
ruler of Songhai
91
Songhai Culture
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taxed merchants & trade items to increase profit for government
cultural syncretism (Islam & native beliefs)
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